Table 3.

Health care‐associated infection prevalence studies

Source	HAI (%) patient infected [range by hospital]	HAI – % infection overall [range by hospital (%)]	SSI – % total HAI [SSI rate % of all patients]	UTI – % total HAI [UTI rate % of all patients]	LRTI (pneumonia) – % total HAI [LRTI rate –% of all patients]	Septicaemia – % total HA [BSI rate % of total patients]
Klavs et al. (60)	4·6 ≥ 1 infection  [3·1–5·4]	5·0	15 [0·7]	25 [1·2]	23 [1·0]	7 [0·3]
Lizioli et al. (46)	4·9 [4·1–5·7]	N/S	2·7 in surgical patients only	[1·6]	[1·1]	[0·6]
Eriksen et al. (62)	5·1*[3·5–9·3]	N/S	27 [1·4]	37 [1·8]	28 [1·4]	8 [0·4]
Gikas et al. (45)	8·6	9·3 [5–13·4]	15	23	30	16
Azzam and Dramaix (65)	6·8	8·5	28	18	30	7
Andersen et al. (69)	6·5 [1·4–11·7]	N/S	[4·3% of surgical patients]	[1·7]	[0·8]	[0·4]
FPSSG† (13)	6·7 ≥ 1 infection	7·6	11 [4·5% of surgical patients]	35	13¶	6
Mintjes‐de Groot et al. (70)	4·7	4·5 per 1000 patient‐days	18	42	11	10
Pavia et al. (71)	1·7	1·7	27 [2% of surgical patients]	27	13	13
Pittet et al. (73)	11·6 [9·8–13·5]	13	30	22	15	13
Scheel and Stormark (47)	N/S	6·1	29 [6·3% of surgical patients]	36	25	10
Vaqué et al. (12)	6·9	8·1	20 [2·8% of clean surgery patients]	25	21	14
Frankart et al. (74)	16·9	23	12	30	17	10
Gastmeier et al. (30);	3·5 [0–8·9]	3·6	16	42	21	8
Ruden et al. (15) (NIDEP)
Emmerson et al. (11)	9·0 [2–29]‡	N/S	11	23	23	6·2
Kampf et al. (31)	3·8%§	N/S	34	35	7	4
Sartor et al. (78)	8·6; 7·1	N/S	21; 11	21; 27	15; 24	12; 12
Aavitsland et al. (82)	N/S	6·3 [0–15]	17 [3·6% of surgical patients]	33	21	6

BSI, blood stream infection; HAI, health care‐associated infection; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; SSI, surgical site infection; UTI, urinary tract infection.

^* Four most common only measured.

^† French Prevalence Survey Study Group.

^‡ One outlier of 54%.

^§ HAI in surgical patients only.

^¶ Plus 8% URTI.