Table 1.
Individual study characteristics.
| N | Cohort/sample origin | Language of administration | Age | Education (yr, or alternative) | Sex/gender | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | m (SD, range)1 | m (SD, range)1 | woman | |||
| Aizenstein et al. (2008) | 38 | Pittsburgh community | English | 74.4 (6.1) | 15.1 (2.8) | 63% |
| Amariglio et al. (2012) | 131 | Harvard Aging Brain Study (HABS) | English | 73.5 (6) | 16.1 (2.9) | 53% |
| Bennett et al. (2006) | 134 | Religious Orders Study (ROS), Memory and Aging Project (MAP) | English | 83.3 (6.4) | 17.3 (4.3) | 55% |
| Bos et al. (2018) | 907 | Barcelona St. Pau, EDAR, Gipuzkoa Alzheimer Project, Gothenburg MCI study, IDIBAPS, IMAP+, Leuven, EMIF preclinical-AD study, ADNI | Spanish, Swedish, Dutch, German, Greek, Danish | 68.0 (9.1) | 14.7 (3.7) | 53% |
| Clark et al. (2018) | 314 | Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC) | English | 58.8 (37–85) | 16.3 (2.5) (8–25) | 69% |
| Doraiswamy et al. (2014) | 67 | AV45-A11 | English | 70.0 (11.3) | 15.3 (2.2) | 60% |
| Dubois et al. (2018) | 318 | INSIGHT-preAD Study | French | 76.0 (3.5) (70–85) | 68% ≥ HS | 63% |
| Edelman et al. (2017) | 44 | Pittsburgh community | English | 76.4 (5.6) | ≥ 12 years | 73% |
| Edmonds et al. (2015) | 570 | Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) | English | 73.1 (7.1) | 16.4 (2.6) | 46% |
| Funaki et al. (2019) | 42 | Keio University Hospital Memory Clinic | Japanese | 74.4 (4.7) | 15.1 (2.1) | 48% |
| Harrington et al. (2017) | 335 | Australian Imaging, Biomarker, and Lifestyle Study (AIBL) | English | 68.3 (5.7) (60–85) | Not specified | 58% |
| Hassenstab et al. (2016) | 264 | Washington University Knight ADRC | English | 72.1 (5.4) (65–86) | 15.5 (2.8) | 59% |
| Hilal et al. (2017) | 1201 | Rotterdam Study | Dutch | 61.8 (7.2) | 12.1 (4.0) | 53% |
| Hulette et al. (1998) | 11 | University of Miami ADRC | English | 81.6 (6.0) | 16.6 (2.8) | 50% |
| Jicha et al. (2012) | 126 | UK-ADC | English | 83.7 (7.8) | 16.0 (2.4)2 | 48% |
| Kawas et al. (2013) | 13 | The 90+ Study | English | 94.1 (median) (90–99) | 54% > HS | 69% |
| Kim et al. (2016) | 13 | Yeungnam University Hospital in Daegu, Korea | Korean | 72.0 (4.0) | 9.5 (5.5) | 54% |
| Lee et al. (2020) | 97 | Seoul, Korea | Korean | 70.9 (7.5) | 13.8 (3.6) | 60% |
| Li et al. (2007) | 72 | Community University of Washington | English | 67.9 (9.0) | 15.7 (3.0) | 54% |
| Li et al. (2014) | 315 | ADRC+ | English | 57.4 (18.1) | 16.1 (2.6) | 54% |
| Lim et al. (2013) | 178 | AIBL | English | 71.6 (7.5) | Not specified | 50% |
| Loewenstein et al. (2016) | 23 | University of Miami School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, University of Florida | English | 74.6 (8.1) | 15.7 (2.9) | 74% |
| Mathis et al. (2013) | 152 | Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory | English | 85.5 (2.9) | 14.8 (2.6) | 42% |
| Mielke et al. (2016) | 464 | Mayo Clinic Study of Aging | English | 62.7 (5.4) (50–69) | 15.3 (2.3) | 48% |
| Morris et al. (1996) | 21 | Washington University Faculty of Medicine | English | 84.5 (6.6) | 14.8 (3.3) | 48% |
| Oh et al. (2011) | 52 | Community from Berkley | English | 74.1 (6.0) | 17.2 (1.9) | 65% |
| Oh et al. (2012) | 189 | Community from Berkley | English | 74.2 (6.0) | 17.2 (2.0) | 65% |
| Papp et al. (2017) | 279 | HABS | English | 73.4 (6.0) | 15.9 (3.0) | 59% |
| Payoux et al. (2015) | 235 | Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) | French | 74.7 (4.3) | 30% >12 yr | 60% |
| Perrotin et al. (2012) | 48 | Berkley Aging Cohort Study | English | 73.5 (5.9) | 17.3 (1.9) | 65% |
| Price et al. (2009) | 97 | National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC)-supported Neuropsychological Database Initiative | English | 84.3 (8.6) | 15.4 (2.9) | 57% |
| Rami et al. (2011) | 17 | Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Cognitive Disorders Unit of the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona | Spanish | 68.7 (6.8) | 9.3 (4.0) | N/A |
| Rosenberg et al. (2013) | 15 | John’s Hopkins ADRC, Joint Memory Clinics Baltimore, Memory Enhancement Center Eatontown, Community Health Center North East | English | 74.5 (10.4) | 17.3 (2.5) | 39% |
| Sala-Llonch et al. (2017) | 89 | Oslo | Norwegian | 73.1 (6.0) (65–90) | Not specified | 48% |
| Snitz et al. (2020) | 118 | Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team-Neuroimaging, Heart Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation parent study | English | 76.3 (5.7) (65–91) | 74% > HS | 58% |
| Soldan et al. (2016) | 222 | BIOCARD | English | 56.9 (10.1) (22–85) | 17.2 (2.3) (12–20) | 60% |
| Sperling et al. (2013) | 78 | AV45-A05 study/24 different sites | English | 69.4 (11.1) | 15.2 (2.3) | 56% |
| Um et al. (2017) | 50 | Catholic Geriatric Neuroimaging Database | Korean | 67.5 (4.7) | 9.6 (2.2) | 64% |
| Vannini et al. (2013) | 41 | Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital | English | 73.7 (0.5) | 15.6 (0.5) | 68% |
| Verberk et al. (2020) | 241 | SCIENCe and Amsterdam Dementia Cohort | Dutch | 61.0 (9.0) | 5.0 (1.0)3 | 40% |
| Verfaillie et al. (2019) | 63 | SCIENCe | Dutch | 63.5 (8.2) | 5.6 (1.3)3 | 43% |
Note.
1
if available;
2
due to a typo in original paper the AB- group was reported to have an average of 60 years of education, thus we omitted this group in calculating mean years of education;
3
Dutch educational scale (Verhage, 1965);
m = mean, SD = standard deviation; cat = categorical, cont = continuous; PET = positron emission tomography, CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; yr = years, HS = high school.