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. 2021 Mar 12;39(5):549–561. doi: 10.1007/s40273-021-01002-z

Table 1.

Background characteristics of the Egyptian participants

Characteristics Full sample (n = 1303) Actual sample (n = 974) General populationa p value
Sex
 Male 672 (51.6) 510 (52.4) 51.6 0.617
 Female 631 (48.4) 464 (47.6) 48.4 0.617
Age (years) 35.8 ± 12.8 (18–75) 36.9 ± 12.7 (18–72)
18–24 317 (24.3) 213 (21.9) 18.8 0.013*
 25–34 363 (27.9) 237 (24.3) 27.9 0.042*
 35–44 279 (21.4) 236 (24.2) 20.9 0.003*
 45–54 212 (16.3) 184 (18.9) 15.1 <0.001*
 55–64 110 (8.4) 90 (9.2) 10.6 0.156
 ≥ 65 22 (1.7) 14 (1.4) 6.6 <0.001*
Geographical region b
 Greater Cairo 511 (39.3) 256 (26.3) 25.1 0.390
 Alexandria 123 (9.5) 119 (12.2) 12.4 0.849
 Delta 229 (17.6) 202 (20.8) 21.7 0.497
 Suez Canal 123 (9.5) 114 (11.7) 11.2 0.624
 North upper Egypt 144 (11.1) 122 (12.6) 12.9 0.779
 Asyut 45 (3.5) 44 (4.5) 4.9 0.561
 South upper Egypt 126 (9.7) 115 (11.8) 11.8 1
Residenceb
 Urban 934 (71.8) 658 (67.7) 42.2 <0.001*
 Rural 367 (28.2) 314 (32.3) 57.8 <0.001*
Education level b
 Illiterate 116 (8.9) 109 (11.2) 25.8 <0.001*
 Below intermediate c 311 (23.9) 290 (29.8) 29.0 0.833
 Intermediated 511 (39.3) 398 (40.9) 29.1 <0.001*
 University degree and above 363 (27.9) 175 (18) 15.5 <0.001*
Employment status b
 Employed 950 (73) 728 (74.9) 74.4 0.721
 Unemployed/retired/students/other 351 (27) 244 (25.1) 25.6 0.721
Marital status b
 Married 740 (56.8) 602 (61.9) 68 <0.001*
 Single/divorced/widowed 561 (43.2) 370 (38.1) 32 <0.001*
Religious beliefs b
 Muslim 1241 (95.4) 931 (95.8) 94.9 e 0.202
 Christian 60 (4.6) 41 (4.2) 5.1 0.202
Presence of chronic health condition b 414 (31.8) 285 (29.3) - -
Health insurance b
 Covered (full or partial) 786 (60.4) 579 (59.6) 54.7 0.0021*
 No coverage 515 (39.6) 393 (40.4) 45.3 0.0019*
 VAS-5L scores 77.5 ± 16.2 76.9 ± 16.7
Mobility
 No problems 893 (68.5) 664 (68.2)
 Slight problems 234 (18) 169 (17.4)
 Moderate problems 136 (10.4) 107 (11)
 Severe problems 39 (3) 34 (3.5)
 Unable to walk 1 (0.1) 0 (0)
Self-care
 No problems 1226 (94.1) 912 (93.6)
 Slight problems 52 (4) 40 (4.1)
 Moderate problems 17 (1.3) 15 (1.5)
 Severe problems 8 (0.6) 7 (0.7)
 Unable to dress and wash 0 (0) 0 (0)
Usual activities
 No problems 891 (68.4) 667 (68.5)
 Slight problems 252 (19.3) 183 (18.8)
 Moderate problems 132 (10.1) 100 (10.3)
 Severe problems 24 (1.8) 21 (2.2)
 Unable to do usual activities 4 (0.3) 3 (0.3)
Pain/discomfort
 No problems 510 (39.1) 386 (39.6)
 Slight problems 436 (33.5) 302 (31)
 Moderate problems 284 (21.8) 219 (22.5)
 Severe problems 52 (4) 48 (4.9)
 Extreme pain or discomfort 21 (1.6) 19 (2)
Anxiety/depression
 No problems 420 (32.2) 348 (35.7)
 Slight problems 410 (31.5) 287 (29.5)
 Moderate problems 343 (26.3) 232 (23.8)
 Severe problems 76 (5.8) 61 (6.3)
 Extreme anxiety or depression 54 (4.1) 46 (4.7)

Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation (range), or % unless otherwise indicated

VAS visual analogue scale

*p<0.05 (based on 1-sample z-test for a population proportion)

aData estimated from the Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, March 2019[11]

bSample size was n=1301 for the full sample and n=972 for the actual sample

cBelow intermediate: below high school level

dIntermediate: high school level or 2 years institute

eData obtained from Mohamoud et al.[30]