Table 1.
Characteristics | Full sample (n = 1303) | Actual sample (n = 974) | General populationa | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 672 (51.6) | 510 (52.4) | 51.6 | 0.617 |
Female | 631 (48.4) | 464 (47.6) | 48.4 | 0.617 |
Age (years) | 35.8 ± 12.8 (18–75) | 36.9 ± 12.7 (18–72) | – | – |
18–24 | 317 (24.3) | 213 (21.9) | 18.8 | 0.013* |
25–34 | 363 (27.9) | 237 (24.3) | 27.9 | 0.042* |
35–44 | 279 (21.4) | 236 (24.2) | 20.9 | 0.003* |
45–54 | 212 (16.3) | 184 (18.9) | 15.1 | <0.001* |
55–64 | 110 (8.4) | 90 (9.2) | 10.6 | 0.156 |
≥ 65 | 22 (1.7) | 14 (1.4) | 6.6 | <0.001* |
Geographical region b | ||||
Greater Cairo | 511 (39.3) | 256 (26.3) | 25.1 | 0.390 |
Alexandria | 123 (9.5) | 119 (12.2) | 12.4 | 0.849 |
Delta | 229 (17.6) | 202 (20.8) | 21.7 | 0.497 |
Suez Canal | 123 (9.5) | 114 (11.7) | 11.2 | 0.624 |
North upper Egypt | 144 (11.1) | 122 (12.6) | 12.9 | 0.779 |
Asyut | 45 (3.5) | 44 (4.5) | 4.9 | 0.561 |
South upper Egypt | 126 (9.7) | 115 (11.8) | 11.8 | 1 |
Residenceb | ||||
Urban | 934 (71.8) | 658 (67.7) | 42.2 | <0.001* |
Rural | 367 (28.2) | 314 (32.3) | 57.8 | <0.001* |
Education level b | ||||
Illiterate | 116 (8.9) | 109 (11.2) | 25.8 | <0.001* |
Below intermediate c | 311 (23.9) | 290 (29.8) | 29.0 | 0.833 |
Intermediated | 511 (39.3) | 398 (40.9) | 29.1 | <0.001* |
University degree and above | 363 (27.9) | 175 (18) | 15.5 | <0.001* |
Employment status b | ||||
Employed | 950 (73) | 728 (74.9) | 74.4 | 0.721 |
Unemployed/retired/students/other | 351 (27) | 244 (25.1) | 25.6 | 0.721 |
Marital status b | ||||
Married | 740 (56.8) | 602 (61.9) | 68 | <0.001* |
Single/divorced/widowed | 561 (43.2) | 370 (38.1) | 32 | <0.001* |
Religious beliefs b | ||||
Muslim | 1241 (95.4) | 931 (95.8) | 94.9 e | 0.202 |
Christian | 60 (4.6) | 41 (4.2) | 5.1 | 0.202 |
Presence of chronic health condition b | 414 (31.8) | 285 (29.3) | - | - |
Health insurance b | ||||
Covered (full or partial) | 786 (60.4) | 579 (59.6) | 54.7 | 0.0021* |
No coverage | 515 (39.6) | 393 (40.4) | 45.3 | 0.0019* |
VAS-5L scores | 77.5 ± 16.2 | 76.9 ± 16.7 | ||
Mobility | ||||
No problems | 893 (68.5) | 664 (68.2) | ||
Slight problems | 234 (18) | 169 (17.4) | ||
Moderate problems | 136 (10.4) | 107 (11) | ||
Severe problems | 39 (3) | 34 (3.5) | ||
Unable to walk | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | ||
Self-care | ||||
No problems | 1226 (94.1) | 912 (93.6) | ||
Slight problems | 52 (4) | 40 (4.1) | ||
Moderate problems | 17 (1.3) | 15 (1.5) | ||
Severe problems | 8 (0.6) | 7 (0.7) | ||
Unable to dress and wash | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Usual activities | ||||
No problems | 891 (68.4) | 667 (68.5) | ||
Slight problems | 252 (19.3) | 183 (18.8) | ||
Moderate problems | 132 (10.1) | 100 (10.3) | ||
Severe problems | 24 (1.8) | 21 (2.2) | ||
Unable to do usual activities | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) | ||
Pain/discomfort | ||||
No problems | 510 (39.1) | 386 (39.6) | ||
Slight problems | 436 (33.5) | 302 (31) | ||
Moderate problems | 284 (21.8) | 219 (22.5) | ||
Severe problems | 52 (4) | 48 (4.9) | ||
Extreme pain or discomfort | 21 (1.6) | 19 (2) | ||
Anxiety/depression | ||||
No problems | 420 (32.2) | 348 (35.7) | ||
Slight problems | 410 (31.5) | 287 (29.5) | ||
Moderate problems | 343 (26.3) | 232 (23.8) | ||
Severe problems | 76 (5.8) | 61 (6.3) | ||
Extreme anxiety or depression | 54 (4.1) | 46 (4.7) |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation (range), or % unless otherwise indicated
VAS visual analogue scale
*p<0.05 (based on 1-sample z-test for a population proportion)
aData estimated from the Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, March 2019[11]
bSample size was n=1301 for the full sample and n=972 for the actual sample
cBelow intermediate: below high school level
dIntermediate: high school level or 2 years institute
eData obtained from Mohamoud et al.[30]