Figure 3.

The effect of exosomes from control HEK293 cells (EXO) or BDNF-overexpressing HEK293 cells (EXO-BDNF) on H/R-induced several environment alterations including ROS accumulation and changes of intracellular Ca²⁺ and mitochondria transmembrane potential (ΔΨm). ROS levels were determined by DCFH-DA staining after treatment with exosomes. Mitochondria transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) levels were determined by JC-1 staining. Intracellular Ca²⁺ levels were determined by Fluo-4 staining after treatment with exosomes. DCFH-DA, JC-1, and Fluo-4 fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry.