Table 4.
Husbands’ knowledge about female breast cancer symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures (N=403).
| Question | Incorrect answer | Correct answer | GOFa χ2 (df=2) | P value | ||||||
|
|
|
n (%) | 95% CI | n (%) | 95% CI |
|
|
|||
| Symptoms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
The change in women’s breast size is a sign of breast cancer | 285 (70.7) | 66.7-75.2 | 118 (29.3) | 25.1-33.0 | 106.784 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Lymphadenopathy is a sign/symptom of breast cancer | 162 (40.4) | 35.7-44.7 | 241 (59.6) | 55.3-64.3 | 170.462 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Nipple skin dryness and peeling is a sign of breast cancer | 299 (74.2) | 70.2-78.2 | 104 (25.8) | 22.0-29.8 | 175.985 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Nipple discharge is a sign of breast cancer | 273 (67.7) | 63.5-72.0 | 130 (32.3) | 27.8-36.7 | 172.263 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Changes in nipple morphology is a sign of breast cancer | 268 (66.5) | 61.8-71.1 | 135 (33.5) | 29.0-38.0 | 167.29 | <.001 | |||
| Risk factors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Use of contraceptives is a possible risk factor for breast cancer | 333 (82.6) | 78.9-85.9 | 70 (17.4) | 14.4-20.8 | 150.02 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Hormonal replacement therapy may predispose women to breast cancer | 338 (83.9) | 80.1-87.1 | 65 (16.1) | 13.2-19.6 | 275.275 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Overexposure to radiation may predispose women to breast cancer | 160 (39.7) | 35.2-44.7 | 243 (60.3) | 55.6-64.5 | 209.037 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for breast cancer among women | 144 (35.7) | 31.0-40.2 | 259 (64.3) | 60.3-68.7 | 195.042 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Women may develop breast cancer due to hereditary factors | 123 (30.5) | 26.1-35.0 | 280 (69.5) | 65.3-73.9 | 260.164 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Older age is a factor that enhances the chance of developing breast cancer among women | 259 (64.3) | 59.6-68.7 | 144 (35.7) | 31.5-40.0 | 59.201 | <.001 | |||
| Protective factors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Natural breastfeeding may prevent against developing breast cancer among women | 103 (25.6) | 21.8-29.8 | 300 (74.4) | 70.5-78.2 | 326.298 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Regular sports/exercise may protect against breast cancer | 128 (31.8) | 27.4-36.3 | 275 (68.2) | 63.8-72.2 | 258.169 | <.001 | |||
|
|
Early conception before the age of 30 years may reduce the chance of getting cancer among women | 325 (80.6) | 77.2-84.6 | 78 (19.4) | 15.4-22.8 | 258.854 | <.001 | |||
|
|
A balanced and healthy diet may reduce the chance of developing breast cancer among women | 123 (30.5) | 26.3-35.7 | 280 (69.5) | 65.3-73.7 | 277.97 | <.001 | |||
aGOF: goodness of fit.