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. 2021 Feb 25;23(2):e25120. doi: 10.2196/25120

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©James Scheibner, Jean Louis Raisaro, Juan Ramón Troncoso-Pastoriza, Marcello Ienca, Jacques Fellay, Effy Vayena, Jean-Pierre Hubaux. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 25.02.2021.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Overview of the three main data-sharing models: (A) centralized, (B) decentralized (site-level meta-analysis), and (C) decentralized (federated learning).