Table 2.

Nucleic acid-based Electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection.

Type	Virus	Recognition element	Linear range	LOD	Electrochemical method	Ref.
Detection of proteins or whole virus	H1N1	aptamer	101 PFU mL−1 – 104 PFU mL−1	3.7 PFU mL−1	DPV	[45]
	H5N1	DNA probe	1 pM – 100 nM	HEPES buffer: 1 pM chicken serum: 1 pM	CV	[64]
	AIV	anti-AIV NP aptamer	2 nM – 2 μM	1.13 nM	CV	[65]
	H7N9	DNA tetrahedral probe and ssDNA	1 pM – 100 nM	100 fM	amperometry	[66]
	H5N1	aptamer	100 fM – 10 pM	100 fM	DPV	[67]
	H1N1	aptamer against inactivated intact H1N1	/	0.3 ng mL−1	EIS	[68]
Detection of PCR ssDNA products	H5N1	thiolated ssDNA probe	/	RNA transcripts: 10 pM DNA oligonucleotides: 1 pM	SWV	[69]
	H5N1	ssDNA probe	1–10 pM	1.39 pM	SWV	[70]
	Influenza A	DNA probe	1.0 fM – 1.0 nM	84 aM	DPV	[71]
	H1N1	HA gene specific ssDNA probe	0.1–400 ng in 6 μL	0.004 ng in 6 μL	EIS	[72]