. 2021 Mar 12;139:116253. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116253

Table 3.

Antibody-based electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection.

Type	Label	Virus	Recognition element	Linear range	LOD	Assay time	Electrochemical method	Ref
Label-free	/	H1N1, H3N2	Anti-M1 antibody	/	50 fg mL⁻¹	0.1 h	EIS	[85]
	/	MERS-CoV, HCoV	Anti-recombinant spike protein S1 antibody	MERS-CoV: 1.0 pg mL⁻¹ HCoV: 0.4 pg mL⁻¹	MERS-CoV: 0.001–100 ng mL⁻¹ HCoV: 0.01–10,000 ng mL⁻¹	20 min	SWV	[86]
	/	H5N1	scFv against HA H5	The short fragment: 0.6 pg mL⁻¹ The long fragment: 0.9 pg mL⁻¹	The short fragment: 4.0–20 pg mL⁻¹ The long fragment: 1.0–8 pg mL⁻¹	/	SWV	[87]
	/	H1N1	mAb	0.5 PFU mL⁻¹	1 - 10⁴ PFU mL⁻¹	/	Chronoamperometry	[88]
	/	AIV H7	H7-mAb and H7-pAb	1.6 pg mL⁻¹	1.6 pg mL⁻¹ – 16 ng mL⁻¹	/	LSV	[89]
	/	H1N1	Goat anti-influenza A antibody	113 PFU mL⁻¹	10 – 10⁴ PFU mL⁻¹	30 min	DPV	[90]
	/	Influenza virus	Anti-M1 antibody	1 fg mL⁻¹ in saliva buffer	/	5 min	EIS	[91]
	/	H5N1, H1N1	mAb against the HA proteins	H5N1: 9.4 pM H1N1: 8.3 pM	25–500 pM	1 min	Chronoamperometry	[92]
	/	H1N1	Anti-H1N1 antibody	Phosphate-buffered saline: 26.04 PFU mL⁻¹ diluted saliva: 33.11 PFU mL⁻¹	10–10⁴ PFU mL⁻¹	/	EIS	[93]
Label-based	MNP	H9N2	Anti-M2 antibody	8-128 HAU	8 HAU	160 s	Chronoamperometry	[94]
	HRP	H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9	Anti-H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 antibodies	1 pg mL⁻¹ – 10 ng mL⁻¹	1 pg mL⁻¹	/	Amperometry	[95]
	MNP	H5N1	Anti-H5N1 antibody	0.0025–0.16 HAU	0.0022 HAU in 6 μL	/	CV	[96]
	HRP	H1N1	Anti-influenza A HA antibody	/	5 PFU mL⁻¹ for saliva samples	6 min	EIS	[97]
	MNP	H7N9	mAb and biotinylated antibody	0.011 ng mL⁻¹	0.02–50 ng mL⁻¹	1.5 h	LSV	[98]
	Fluorescence MNP	H7N9	mAb and pAb	7.8 fg mL⁻¹	0.01–1.5 pg mL⁻¹	/	LSV	[99]
	MNP	H7N9	mAb and rabbit derived pAb	6.8 pg mL⁻¹	0.01–20 ng mL⁻¹	/	LSV	[100]