Table 1.

An overview of the papers using different methods to measure QoL, indicating the QoL domains that were reportedly most affected by brace wearing

	References	N.(C/E)	Affected domains
			Vitality	Self-image	Emotional function	General health perception	Physical function	School function	Bodily pain	Social activity
BrQ	Vasiliadis et al. (Greece), 2006 [10]	28
	Kinel et al. (Poland), 2012 [11]	35	√	√	√
	Aulisa (Italy), 2013 [12]	108	√		√	√
	Deceuninck et al. (France), 2017 [13]	40	√	√	√
	Gür et al. (Turkey), 2017 [14]	28	√	√		√
	Siu Ling Chan et al. (China), 2014 [15]	42	√	√		√
	Jong Min Lim (Korea), 2018 [16]	103	√	√	√		√	√
	Aulisa et al., 2010 [17]	108	√		√	√
	Elias Vasiliadis et al., 2008 [18]	32		√	√	√	√	√	√
	Rivett et al. (South Africa), 2009 [19]	31	√	√
	Elias Vasiliadis et al., 2006 [20]	36	√				√
	Piantoni et al., 2018 [21]	43 female	A:56% NA:44%		A:72% NA:28%
	In total		10	7	6	5	3	2	1	0

			BSSQ-Deformity	BSSQ-Brace
	Aulisa et al., 2010 [17]	108	–	12.6
	Michalina Zimon et al., 2018 [22]	63	18	9.5
	Kinel et al., 2012 [23]	45	15	12
	Kotwicki et al., 2007 [24]	111 female	18	9
	Misterska et al., 2009 [25]	35 female	1st evaluation:17.9 2nd evaluation:17.6	1st evaluation:11.3 2nd evaluation:10.9
BSSQ	Misterska et al., 2011 [26]	64	Urban patients:18.0 Rural patients:17.0	Urban patients:12.9 Rural patients:12.3
	Leszczewska et al., 2012 [27]	73	19	10
	Misterska et al., 2012 [28]	63 female	17.61	13.06
	Misterska et al., 2013 [29]	36 female	1st evaluation:17.7 2nd evaluation:18.0 3rd evaluation:18.1	1st evaluation:13.8 2nd evaluation:14.1 3rd evaluation:15.4
	Xu et al., 2015 [30]	86	15.3	13.4
	F. Rezaei Motlagh et al., 2018 [31]	53	15.38	12.08
	In total		Medium stress:3 papers	Medium stress:11 papers

	References	N.(C/E)	Affected domains
			Self-image	Satisfaction	Mental health	Function activity	Pain
	Aulisa et al., 2013 [12]	108	√
SRS-22	Gür et al., 2018 [14]	28	√		√
	Chan et al., 2014 [15]	42	√
	Jong Min Lim et al., 2018 [16]	103		√
	Aulisa et al., 2010 [17]	108	√
	Misterska et al., 2013 [29]	36 female	√		√	√
	F. Rezaei Motlagh et al., 2018 [31]	53	√			√
	Cheung et al., 2007 [32]	46	√			√
	Schreiber et al., 2015 [33]	50	√
	Mousavi et al., 2010 [34]	84	√
	Danielsson et al., 2012 [35]	77 female	√
	Qiu et al., 2011 [36]	54	√
	Ersen et al., 2016 [37]	64	√	√	√
	Lange et al., 2011 [38]	214	√
	Deceuninck et al., 2012 [39]	120	√
	Simony et al., 2015 [40]	73	√	√
	Yagci et al., 2018 [41]	20 female	√
	Yagci et al., 2019 [42]	30 female	√		√
	Cheung et al., 2019 [43]	652	√
	Larson et al., 2019 [44]	77	√	√
	Cheung et al., 2016 [45]	206	√	√
	Danielsson et al., 2015 [46]	197		√
	Müller et al., 2011 [47]	38		√		√
	In total		20	7	4	4	0
	Diarbakerli et al., 2018 [48]	100	No significance
	Paolucci et al., 2017 [49]	32	No significance
	Danielsson et al., 2010 [50]	459	No significance
	Bunge et al., 2007 [51]	11	No significance
	Danielsson et al., 2013 [52]	52	No significance

	References	N.(C/E)	Affected domains
			Physical function	Bodily pain	General health	Role limitations due to physical problems	Vitality	General mental health	Role limitations due to emotional problems	Social function
SF-36	Qiu et al., 2011 [36]	54				√
	Danielsson et al., 2015 [46]	197(130/67)	√	√		√
	Danielsson et al., 2001 [53]	216(100/116)	√
	Danielsson et al., 2003 [54]	209(100/109)	√	√
	Freidel et al., 2002 [55]	146		√			√	√
	Andersen et al., 2006 [56]	484(76/408)	√		√		√
	In total		4	3	1	2	2	1	0	0
	Danielsson et al., 2012 [35]	77(37/40)	No data listed, only compared with outcomes from other questionnaires, no significant differences were found
	Simony et al., 2015 [40]	73	Patients got lower score in Physical Composite summary than Mental Composite summary
	Danielsson et al., 2006 [57]	202	No significant difference was found in physical functioning and Physical Composite summary

			Measuring methods	Affected domains
Other methods	 Schreiber et al., 2015 [33]	50(25/25)	SAQ	Spinal appearance
	 Carreon et al., 2011 [58]	1802	SAQ	Spinal appearance
	 Schwieger et al., 2016 [59]	319(120/199)	SAQ	No Significance
	Schwieger et al., 2017 [60]	167	SAQ	No Significance
	Cheung et al., 2019 [43]	652	EQ-5D-5L	No Significance
	Cheung et al., 2016 [45]	227	EQ-5D-5L	Pain
	Korovessis et al., 2007 [61]	103(62/41)	QLPSD	Back flexibility
	Pham et al., 2008 [62]	108(32/76)	QLPSD	Back flexibility
	Weigert et al., 2006 [63]	44	SRS-24	General self-image Satisfaction
	Wibmer et al., 2018 [64]	41	SRS-24	Back functions
	Danielsson et al., 2003 [54]	209(100/109)	GFS	Back functions
	Freidel et al., 2002 [55]	146	BFW	Self-image
	Ugwonali et al., 2004 [65]	214(136/78)	CHQ	No Significance
	Ugwonali et al., 2004 [65]	214(136/78)	PODCI	No Significance
	Zhang et al., 2011 [66]	25(11/14)	Life Satisfaction Index Z scale(Wood)	No Significance
	Zhang et al., 2011 [66]	25(11/14)	Self-esteem scale(Rosenberg)	Self-esteem
	Caronni et al., 2017 [67]	402	 ISYQOL	No Significance
	Topalis et al., 2017 [68]	609(158/451)	Self-assessment questionnaire	No Significance
	Müller et al., 2010 [69]	2	Interview	No Significance

N. (C/E) number of subjects in the control and experimental groups, A somehow affected, NA no affected, BrQ Brace Questionnaire, BSSQ Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire, SRS-22 Scoliosis Research Society-22 Questionnaire, SF-36 The 36-item Short-Form, SAQ Spinal Appearance Questionnaires, EQ-5D-5L EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level, QLPSD Quality of Life Profile for Spine Deformities, SRS-24 Scoliosis Research Society Instrument for Outcome Assessment 24, GFS General Function Score, BFW Berner Questionnaire for Well-Being, CHQ Child Health Questionnaire, PODCI Paediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, ISYQOL Italian Spine Youth Qulaity of Life