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. 2021 Mar 11;11:5746. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84826-1

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Porcine skin preparation process. (A) NP paste was applied to the skin surface and spread by moving an applicator gently back and forth for 5 min followed by sequential rinsing in PBS, 3 min incubation in 70% or 100% EtOH, and a final rinse in PBS. (B) Photographic images of skin at Day one and Day 14 after preparation. (C) Skin irritation analysis. Images: H&E stained micrographs (378×) for skin preparation compared with 40 min exposure to known irritants 5% SDS and 100% ethanol (Scale bar = 100 μm). Graph: MTT analysis of steps in skin preparation compared with no-treatment control. MTT analysis is graphed as mean ± SEM, and there were no statistically significant differences between groups (GraphPad Prism).