Table 1.
Comparison of general characteristics between patients with diabetic kidney disease according to obstructive sleep apnea.
| Total | Non OSA or mild OSA | Moderate OSA | Severe OSA | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 214 | 38 | 65 | 111 | – |
| Sex | 0.576 | ||||
| Females, n (%) | 49 (22.9) | 10 (26.3) | 12 (18.5) | 27 (24.3) | |
| Males, n (%) | 165 (77.1) | 28 (73.7) | 53 (81.5) | 84 (75.7) | |
| Age (years) | 67 ± 10 | 67 ± 9 | 65 ± 10 | 69 ± 9§ | 0.011 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 5.0 | 28.9 ± 3.8 | 31.0 ± 4.2 | 32.9 ± 5.5†‡ | < 0.001 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 11.6 ± 5.0 | 11.8 ± 4.4 | 10.9 ± 5.1 | 12.0 ± 5.1 | 0.439 |
| Neck circumference (cm) | 43 ± 4 | 42 ± 5 | 42 ± 4 | 43 ± 4 | 0.053 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | 0.075 |
| Smoking status | 0.185 | ||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 33 (15.6) | 5 (13.2) | 15 (23.8) | 13 (11.7) | |
| Former smoker, n (%) | 111 (52.4) | 21 (55.3) | 33 (52.4) | 57 (51.4) | |
| Never smoker, n (%) | 68 (32.1) | 12 (31.6) | 15 (23.8) | 41 (36.9) | |
| Packs × year | 46 ± 32 | 36 ± 32 | 46 ± 35 | 49 ± 29 | 0.241 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14 (9–21) | 14 (7–20) | 15 (10–21) | 14 (9–21) | 0.642 |
| Duration of diabetic kidney disease (years) | 3 (1–6) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–6) | 0.659 |
| Heart rate (/min) | 77 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | 78 ± 13 | 76 ± 12 | 0.458 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 141 ± 19 | 145 ± 19 | 141 ± 18 | 141 ± 20 | 0.537 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77 ± 12 | 77 ± 14 | 76 ± 12 | 78 ± 12 | 0.780 |
| Current treatment | |||||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 179 (83.6) | 33 (86.8) | 51 (78.5) | 95 (85.6) | 0.393 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 136 (63.6) | 20 (52.6) | 44 (67.7) | 72 (64.9) | 0.284 |
| ACEi, n (%) | 77 (36.0) | 15 (39.5) | 26 (40.0) | 36 (32.4) | 0.532 |
| ARBs, n (%) | 122 (57.0) | 23 (60.5) | 32 (49.2) | 67 (60.4) | 0.316 |
| MRAs, n (%) | 18 (8.4) | 5 (13.2) | 7 (10.8) | 6 (5.4) | 0.237 |
| Age-adjusted Charlson index | 7.1 ± 2.5 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | 7.3 ± 2.5 | 0.196 |
| Physical activity level | 0.319 | ||||
| Low, n (%) | 29 (18.1) | 2 (8.7) | 11 (21.6) | 16 (18.6) | |
| Moderate, n (%) | 103 (64.4) | 15 (65.2) | 29 (56.9) | 59 (68.6) | |
| High, n (%) | 28 (17.5) | 6 (26.1) | 11 (21.6) | 11 (12.8) | |
Values are number (percentage), median (interquartile range [IQR]) or mean ± SD, according their characteristics and distribution. Comparisons were performed by chi-squared test, Kruskal–Wallis test or ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons by Bonferroni test: †p < 0.001 vs. non-OSA or mild OSA; ‡p < 0.05, §p < 0.01 vs. moderate OSA.
OSA obstructive sleep apnea, BMI body mass index, FMI fat mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers, MRA aldosterone receptor antagonists.