Figure 1.

Bacterial amyloids and autoimmunity. Amyloids are produced by the members of gut microbiome. Curli/DNA complexes produced by commensal bacteria are recognized by TLR2/TLR1 heterocomplex which dampens inflammation in healthy intestinal tract. However, when the epithelial barrier is damaged during invasive infections or by other environmental factors or diseases, dislodged curli/DNA complexes from the biofilm activates TLR2/TLR1 heterocomplex and TLR9 leading to the generation of type I interferons and autoantibodies resulting in initiation and exacerbation of autoimmunity. In genetically predisposed individuals, the autoimmune effects of the curli/DNA complexes will likely to be exacerbated.