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. 2021 Feb 26;12:557514. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.557514

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Copyright © 2021 Hagdorn, Kurakula, Koop, Bossers, Mavrogiannis, van Leusden, van der Feen, de Boer, Goumans and Berger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Long-term volume loading induces clinical signs of RV failure and biventricular dysfunction. (A) Prevalence of clinical signs of heart failure at 6 m, rows represent individual rats, gray cells indicate the presence of a symptom, and clear cells indicate the absence of a symptom. (B) QRS duration on ECG. (C) ECG registrations prior to termination. Top two are representative examples of sinus rhythm (SR) in a control rat and a 6-m ACS rat, bottom three are the rats that demonstrated AV-block. (D-I) Summary data and representative examples (short-axis M-mode through LV) of echocardiographic examinations. (J-N) Summary data and representative examples of invasive pressure-volume analyses. * represents significantly different from control, and bar represents significantly different between ACS groups.