Figure 3.

BPM31510 induces oxidative stress via generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC1 cells. (a) Mitochondrial H₂O₂ generation during complex I, complex II and GPDH-driven respiration in cells were after treatment with BPM31510 (EC₅₀) for 24 h. The data represent the means + SEM of three independent experiments. The data were analysed by Student’s t test; ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 compared to untreated. UD = undetected (b) Oxidation of multiple redox probes, indicative of oxidative stress, in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC1 cells after treatment with BPM31510 (EC₅₀) for 24 h. The data represent the means + SEM of three independent experiments and report the fold change in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) normalized to untreated controls. The data were analysed by Student’s t test; **p < 0.01 and ****p < 0.0001 compared to the untreated group.