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. 2021 Mar 11;11:5749. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84852-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relationship between mitochondrial CoQ₁₀ level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and ROS-induced cell death threshold. Both CoQ₁₀ deficiency²² and CoQ₁₀ surplus increase ROS levels, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death, while homeostatic levels of CoQ₁₀ support cellular function and survival. The ROS-induced cell death threshold likely differs between cell types.