Fig. 1. All species play important direct and supporting roles in ecosystem service provision.

Panel 1 (top): network visualizations of the (Hechinger et al.⁵²) data after initial filtering and adding the seven ecosystem services: water filtration, shoreline stabilization, carbon sequestration, wave attenuation, waterfowl hunting, bird watching, and fishing. Each of the three networks (top) represents one of the three salt marsh systems, organized vertically by trophic level: a Bahia Falsa de San Quintin, Baja, Mexico (122 species, 6 ecosystem services (no fishery), 1060 species—species links, and 137 species—service links), b Carpinteria Salt Marsh, California, USA (107 species, 7 ecosystem services, 1015 species—species links, and 105 species—service links), and c Estero de Punta Banda, Baja, Mexico (136 species, 7 ecosystem services, 1680 species—species links, and 101 species—service links). Panel 2 d: Species can provide ecosystem services directly (ecosystem service providers, pink), they can support ecosystem service providers (supporting species, green), or they can play no role in service provision (not ESP, yellow). Most species play some supporting role in service provision. d shows the number of species that are ecosystem service providers and supporting species, for Carpinteria Salt Marsh.