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. 2021 Mar 11;12:1602. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21891-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Four substrates are compared, each a version of the DNA hairpin site in the human NUP93 gene. In vitro APOBEC3A activity assay shows that APOBEC3A substrate optimality increases as the DNA sequence improves in optimality (changing an ApC site to a TpC site), and also as the DNA structure improves in optimality (changing from a non-hairpin site to a hairpin site). Strongest activity is seen when both sequence and structure are optimal. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.