Fig. 4. Frequency of CCR5⁺ and CCR6⁺ CD4⁺ T cell subsets in mucosal and lymph node tissue during probiotic administration, SIV/HIV vaccination, or combination Probiotics+Vaccine.

CD4⁺ T cell subsets expressing CCR5 or CCR6 were characterized in the rectum, colon, and lymph node of Probiotics+Vaccine (n = 10), Vaccine-only (n = 10), and Probiotics-only (n = 10) treated animals by flow cytometry. a Percentage of CCR5⁺ cells of CD4⁺ T cells. b Percentage of CCR5⁺ cells of CD4⁺ central memory T cells. c Percentage of CCR6⁺ cells of CD4⁺ T cells. d Percentage of CCR6⁺ cells of CD4⁺ central memory T cells. In all panels, data are depicted as the mean and 95% confidence interval for each group: Probiotics+Vaccine = blue circles, Vaccine-only = red squares, Probiotics-only = green triangles. Pre-PBio baseline is an average of weeks −7 and −5, while Pre-Vax is week −2. Immunizations at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 20 are indicated in orange font. Daily oral probiotics were administered between week −5 and week 26, indicated by the gray bar. For comparisons within each group between Pre-PBio and subsequent time points, multiplicity adjusted significant P values are shown above horizontal black bars, with fonts colored to indicate the experimental group. For comparisons between groups at each time point, multiplicity adjusted significant P values are specified above the designated time point.