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. 2021 Mar 11;6:34. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00298-4

Fig. 6. Cytokine-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the colon during probiotic administration, SIV/HIV vaccination, or combination Probiotics+Vaccine.

Fig. 6

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing cytokines were characterized subsequent to mitogenic PMA-ionomycin stimulation in colon tissue of Probiotics+Vaccine (n = 10), Vaccine-only (n = 10), and Probiotics-only (n = 10) treated animals by flow cytometry. a–d Percentage of CD4+ T cells producing IL-17A (a), TNF-α (b), IL-10 (c), and IFN-γ (d) in the colon. e, f Percentage of CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ (e) and IL-22 (f) in the colon. In all panels, data are depicted as the mean and 95% confidence interval for each group: Probiotics+Vaccine = blue circles, Vaccine-only = red squares, Probiotics-only = green triangles. Pre-PBio baseline is an average of weeks −7 and −5, while Pre-Vax is week −2. Immunizations at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 20 are indicated in orange font. Daily oral probiotics were administered between week −5 and week 26, indicated by the gray bar. For comparisons within each group between Pre-PBio and subsequent time points, multiplicity adjusted significant P values are shown above horizontal black bars, with fonts colored to indicate the experimental group. For comparisons between groups at each time point, multiplicity adjusted significant P values are specified above the designated time point.