TABLE 2.
Summary of multilevel linear regression analysis for variables predicting social well-being at school at individual and school levels (N = 6,389 students at 212 schools).
| Null model |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
||||||
| Variables | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | b | (SE) | b | (SE) |
| Constant | 0.01 (0.02) | (0.02) | 0.56*** (0.09) | (0.09) | −0.09 (0.09) | (0.09) | −1.47*** (0.09) | (0.09) | −1.83*** (0.19) | (0.19) |
| Student level | ||||||||||
| Gender (female = 1) | 0.05** | (0.02) | 0.06*** | (0.02) | 0.04*** | (0.01) | 0.04** | (0.01) | ||
| Age | −0.04*** | (0.01) | −0.03*** | (0.01) | −0.01*** | (0.00) | −0.01** | (0.00) | ||
| Number of ICTs | −0.01** | (0.00) | −0.01*** | (0.00) | −0.01*** | (0.00) | −0.01*** | (0.00) | ||
| Family satisfaction | 0.07*** | (0.00) | 0.01*** | (0.00) | 0.01*** | (0.00) | ||||
| Change of schools | −0.03** | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | ||||
| 2018 GPA | 0.05*** | (0.01) | 0.05*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| Friends satisfaction | 0.13*** | (0.01) | 0.13*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| School climate: teacher social support | 0.14*** | (0.01) | 0.14*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| School climate: fair norms | 0.06*** | (0.01) | 0.06*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| School climate: student participation | 0.08*** | (0.01) | 0.08*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| Peer victimization: threats | −0.03** | (0.01) | −0.03** | (0.01) | ||||||
| Peer victimization: physical | 0.00 | (0.01) | 0.00 | (0.01) | ||||||
| Peer victimization: sexual | −0.00 | (0.01) | −0.00 | (0.01) | ||||||
| Peer victimization: verbal | −0.01*** | (0.00) | −0.01*** | (0.00) | ||||||
| Perceived teachers’ well-being | 0.14*** | (0.01) | 0.14*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| Teacher-to-student victimization | −0.03*** | (0.01) | −0.03*** | (0.01) | ||||||
| School level | ||||||||||
| School vulnerability index (reference: low-vulnerability school) | ||||||||||
| Medium-vulnerability school | −0.01 | (0.02) | ||||||||
| High-vulnerability school | −0.01 | (0.02) | ||||||||
| School climate: total (school average) | 0.14* | (0.06) | ||||||||
| Peer victimization: total (school average) | −0.01 | (0.01) | ||||||||
| Perceived teachers’ well-being (school average) | −0.01 | (0.04) | ||||||||
| Teacher-to-student victimization (school average) | −0.01 | (0.04) | ||||||||
| Variance components | Null Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 4 | Model 6 | |||||
| Student-level variance | 0.297 | (0.007) | 0.295 | (0.007) | 0.271 | (0.006) | 0.180 | (0.005) | 0.180 | (0.005) |
| School-level variance | 0.034 | (0.005) | 0.025 | (0.004) | 0.022 | (0.003) | 0.005 | (0.001) | 0.004 | (0.001) |
| % Level 1 variance explained | Base | 0.87% | 8.74% | 39.63% | 39.49% | |||||
| % Level 2 variance explained | Base | 24.92% | 35.56% | 83.77% | 88.88% | |||||
Standardized coefficients reported. Standard errors in parentheses. Explained variance compared with null model.
ICTs, information and communication technologies; GPA, grade point average.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.