Table 2.
BCS Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics.
| Risk factors and complications | 1998–2017 (unweighted: 8435 weighted: 41,119) | 1998 (unweighted: 262 weighted: 1367) | 2017 (unweighted: 680 weighted: 3400) | APC (CI) | P value for APC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Risk factors | |||||
| Myeloproliferative disorder | 7.75 (0.29) | 11.41 (2.01) | 6.18 (0.92) | 0.11% (−1.25%,1.48%) | 0.88 |
| Primary hypercoagulable state | 7.32 (0.29) | N/A | 11.62 (1.23) | 11.43% (9.55%, 13.34%) | <0.0001 |
| PNH | 1.63 (0.14) | 1.87 (0.83) | 0.59 (0.29) | −5.79% (−8.47%,-3.03%) | <0.0001 |
| 2. Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Ascites | 29.93 (0.5) | 37.85 (3.02) | 26.62 (1.7) | −0.65% (−1.33%,0.03%) | 0.06 |
| Acute kidney injury | 18.84 (0.43) | 9.47 (1.89) | 27.35 (1.71) | 5.65% (4.66%,6.66%) | <0.0001 |
| Cirrhosis | 18.65 (0.43) | 12.66 (2.05) | 25.00 (1.66) | 3.23% (2.29%,4.18%) | <0.0001 |
| Portal hypertension | 16.57 (0.41) | 13.36 (2.07) | 21.18 (1.57) | 3.48% (2.48%,4.49%) | <0.0001 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 9.59 (0.32) | 9.00 (1.77) | 12.65 (1.28) | 2.60% (1.32%,3.91%) | <0.0001 |
| Portal vein thrombosis | 7.92 (0.3) | 6.33 (1.55) | 24.12 (1.64) | 10.49% (8.73%,12.27%) | <0.0001 |
| Esophageal varices without bleeding | 7.44 (0.29) | 5.44 (1.43) | 9.56 (1.13) | 4.94% (3.38%,6.52%) | <0.0001 |
| Any history of thrombosis/embolism | 7.08 (0.28) | 0.39 (0.39) | 10.88 (1.2) | 11.89% (9.96%,13.87%) | <0.0001 |
| Acute respiratory Failure | 7.03 (0.28) | 3.23 (1.14) | 10.88 (1.2) | 5.08% (3.48%,6.69%) | <0.0001 |
| HCC | 6.93 (0.28) | 3.80 (1.18) | 8.38 (1.06) | 5.40% (3.78%, 7.05%) | <0.0001 |
| Acute blood loss anemia/hemorrhagic | 6.62 (0.27) | 7.20 (1.61) | 10.44 (1.17) | 8.00% (6.20%,9.82%) | <0.0001 |
| IVC thrombosis | 6.39 (0.27) | 5.04 (1.37) | 5.29 (0.86) | 2.89% (1.30%,4.50%) | 0.000 |
| Alcoholic cirrhosis | 5.73 (0.25) | 7.76 (1.65) | 0.74 (0.33) | −3.46% (−4.94%,-1.95%) | <0.0001 |
| Acute liver failure | 5.60 (0.25) | 4.41 (1.31) | 7.79 (1.03) | 2.18% (0.52%,3.87%) | 0.01 |
| Coagulation disorder | 5.25 (0.24) | 5.70 (1.44) | 5.44 (0.87) | −0.04% (−1.67%,1.62%) | 0.96 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 3.85 (0.21) | 2.57 (0.96) | 5.00 (0.84) | 3.47% (1.40%,5.58%) | 0.001 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 3.29 (0.2) | 4.67 (1.33) | 3.38 (0.69) | 1.95% (−0.21%,4.16%) | 0.078 |
| Variceal bleeding | 3.20 (0.19) | 5.61 (1.42) | 2.35 (0.58) | −4.25% (−6.21%,-2.25%) | <0.0001 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 2.83 (0.18) | 3.47 (1.14) | 3.53 (0.71) | −0.42% (−2.63%,1.84%) | 0.71 |
| Liver abscess | 2.79 (0.18) | 1.03 (0.6) | 6.47 (0.94) | 11.87% (8.80%,15.02%) | <0.0001 |
| Complications of vascular device/graft | 2.74 (0.18) | 4.29 (1.33) | 2.35 (0.58) | −2.77% (−4.93%,-0.56%) | 0.01 |
| Acute pancreatitis | 2.50 (0.17) | 0.33 (0.33) | 2.06 (0.54) | 1.55% (−0.88%,4.04%) | 0.21 |
| Intestinal infarct/acute vascular insufficiency | 2.11 (0.16) | 1.82 (0.82) | 0.59 (0.29) | −1.94% (−4.40%,0.58%) | 0.13 |
| Liver transplant complications | 2.09 (0.16) | 0.69 (0.49) | 1.18 (0.41) | −0.25% (−2.81%,2.37%) | 0.85 |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Score excluding liver disease | 9.38 (0.12) | 9.02 (0.62) | 12.52 (0.48) | 2.22% (1.46%,2.98%) | <0.0001 |
APC, annual percentage change; CI, 95% confidence interval; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IVC, inferior vena cava; PNH, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
All data are presented as percentage (standard error) for categorical variables and mean (standard error) for continuous variables.
APC >0 means increasing, <0 means decreasing.
P value for APC measures if APC is significantly different from zero. P value ≤ 0.05 means the change is significant.