Table 3.
Means, SDs, and within-group effect sizes for primary and secondary outcomes at pre-, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up.
| Waiting list | Mindfulness-based health promotion | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome |
Pre (N = 82) |
Post (N = 62) |
FU (N = 60) |
Pre vs. post Mean dif.; d (95% CI) |
Pre vs. FU Mean dif.; d (95% CI) |
Pre (N = 88) |
Post (N = 66) |
FU (N = 61) |
Pre vs. post Mean dif.; d (95% CI) |
Pre vs. FU Mean dif.; d (95% CI) |
| WHOQOL-BREF | ||||||||||
| Physical health | 14.49 (2.51) | 14.00 (3.12) | 14.32 (2.83) | 0.40 d = −0.19 (−0.41, 0.02) |
0.24 d = −0.07 (−0.30, 0.07) |
14.70 (2.44) | 16.26 (2.20) | 16.12 (2.19) | 1.52***
d = 0.63 (0.37, 0.89) |
1.28***
d = 0.57 (0.33, 0.82) |
| Psychological | 14.60 (2.49) | 13.87 (3.18) | 14.42 (2.53) | 0.80**
d = −0.13 (−0.34, 0.08) |
0.25 d = −0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) |
14.83 (2.40) | 16.47 (1.79) | 16.16 (2.24) | 1.42***
d = 0.66 (0.42, 0.91) |
1.09***
d = 0.54 (0.29, 0.78) |
| Social relationships | 13.89 (3.20) | 13.43 (3.77) | 13.84 (2.92) | 0.38 d = −0.14 (−0.37, 0.08) |
0.19 d = −0.03 (−0.30, 0.23) |
14.12 (3.14) | 15.79 (2.26) | 15.50 (2.89) | 1.58***
d = 0.53 (0.28, 0.77) |
1.25**
d = 0.43 (0.20, 0.67) |
| Environment | 13.50 (2.44) | 13.14 (2.75) | 13.78 (2.34) | 0.38 d = −0.15 (−0.36, 0.07) |
0.35 d = 0.11 (−0.12, 0.35) |
13.31 (2.10) | 14.72 (1.69) | 14.68 (1.96) | 1.26***
d = 0.66 (0.40, 0.93) |
1.23***
d = 0.61 (0.39, 0.90) |
| Overall quality of life | 14.86 (3.42) | 14.41 (3.66) | 14.40 (4.04) | 0.38 d = −0.13 (−0.34, 0.09) |
0.53 d = −0.13 (−0.43, 0.16) |
14.95 (3.12) | 16.49 (1.80) | 16.72 (1.80) | 1.40**
d = 0.49 (0.16, 0.81) |
1.60**
d = 0.56 (0.23, 0.89) |
| General health | 12.74 (3.80) | 12.97 (4.51) | 13.67 (3.83) | 0.11 d = 0.06 (−0.17, 0.29) |
0.77 d = 0.24 (−0.03, 0.52) |
13.50 (3.70) | 15.69 (3.11) | 15.74 (2.72) | 2.04***
d = 0.58 (0.34, 0.83) |
1.93***
d = 0.60 (0.33, 0.86) |
| HADS | ||||||||||
| Anxiety | 7.06 (3.43) | 7.55 (3.62) | 7.68 (3.91) | 0.49 d = 0.14 (−0.09, 0.37) |
0.77 d = 0.18 (−0.09, 0.44) |
6.80 (3.75) | 5.10 (3.01) | 5.82 (3.31) | 1.63***
d = −0.44 (−0.69, −0.21) |
1.61***
d = −0.26 (−0.52, 0.00) |
| Depression | 5.68 (3.48) | 6.78 (3.98) | 7.14 (3.74) | 1.04*
d = 0.31 (0.09, 0.54) |
1.52**
d = 0.41 (0.16, 0.67) |
5.45 (3.22) | 3.56 (2.52) | 4.74 (4.14) | 1.74*
d = −0.58 (−0.87, −0.29) |
0.59 d = −0.21 (−0.52, 0.08) |
| DUREL | ||||||||||
| Organizational religiosity | 3.25 (1.51) | 3.20 (1.68) | 3.26 (1.47) | 0.11 d = −0.03 (−0.18, 0.12) |
0.01 d = 0.01 (−0.19, 0.20) |
3.40 (1.43) | 3.32 (1.37) | 3.46 (1.47) | 0.09 d = −0.06 (−0.19, 0.08) |
0.07 d = 0.04 (−0.15, 0.23) |
| Non-organizational religiosity | 3.70 (1.64) | 3.50 (1.76) | 3.52 (1.63) | 0.28 d = −0.12 (−0.32, 0.08) |
0.17 d = −0.11 (−0.33, 0.11) |
3.67 (1.63) | 4.03 (1.60) | 3.75 (1.54) | 0.31 d = 0.21 (0.04, 0.39) |
0.02 d = 0.05 (−0.17, 0.23) |
| Intrinsic religiosity | 11.16 (3.44) | 11.63 (3.50) | 11.48 (3.17) | 0.24 d = 0.13 (−0.01, 0.28) |
0.23 d = 0.09 (−0.10, 0.27) |
11.49 (3.15) | 11.88 (3.34) | 12.13 (3.29) | 0.44 d = 0.12 (−0.01, 0.23) |
0.39 d = 0.20 (0.05, 0.36) |
| Overall DUREL | 18.11 (5.85) | 18.32 (6.15) | 18.26 (5.65) | 0.19 d = 0.04 (−0.09, 0.16) |
0.05 d = 0.03 (−0.13, 0.18) |
18.55 (5.40) | 19.23 (5.38) | 19.34 (5.35) | 0.65 d = 0.12 (0.01, 0.24) |
0.24 d = 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) |
Means and SDs are represented for primary and secondary outcomes. Pre, pre-treatment; Post, post-intervention; FU, 6-month follow-up; d, Cohen's d; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DUREL, Duke University Religion Index.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001. Means differences are described with absolute values and were calculated using estimated marginal means adjusted by Bonferroni for multiple comparisons. P-values of the Wald test were < 0.05 for primary and secondary outcomes.