Table 5.
Distribution of participants' VAS scores for COVID-19-related changes they experienced and differences between genders (N = 1,319; 575 males and 744 females).
| COVID-19-related impacts | Mean VAS score (±SD) | 95% CI | MWU | Z | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||||
| 1. Precautions to avoid COVID-19 infection | ||||||||
| Wash and disinfect hands more frequently | 8.13 (2.44) | 7.96 (2.54) | 8.35 (2.28) | 7.78–8.14 | 8.17–8.54 | 198112.5 | −2.458 | 0.014 |
| Strict social distancing application | 8.42 (2.43) | 8.52 (2.40) | 8.29 (2.47) | 8.35–8.70 | 8.08–8.49 | 198777.0 | −2.441 | 0.015 |
| Crowded area avoidance | 9.05 (1.90) | 9.28 (1.70) | 8.76 (2.10) | 9.16–9.41 | 8.58–8.93 | 178958.5 | −6.188 | <0.0001 |
| Avoidance of contact with people or their pets | 8.66 (2.42) | 8.79 (2.36) | 8.50 (2.48) | 8.62–8.96 | 8.30–8.70 | 195192.5 | −3.168 | 0.002 |
| Daily habit changes | 7.74 (2.99) | 7.45 (3.18) | 8.11 (2.69) | 7.22–7.68 | 7.89–8.33 | 193764.5 | −3.104 | 0.002 |
| 2. Feeling behavioral changes and distress | ||||||||
| Stress is more | 5.27 (3.64) | 5.52 (3.66) | 4.95 (3.59) | 5.26–5.78 | 4.66–5.25 | 193853.0 | −2.950 | 0.003 |
| Depression is more | 4.73 (3.69) | 4.99 (3.79) | 4.39 (3.54) | 4.72–5.26 | 4.10–4.68 | 193692.5 | −2.978 | 0.003 |
| Sad is more | 4.82 (3.73) | 4.95 (3.79) | 4.66 (3.64) | 4.68–5.22 | 4.36–4.96 | 203510.0 | −1.532 | 0.126 |
| Worry more about the future | 5.65 (3.72) | 5.87 (3.72) | 5.37 (3.70) | 5.60–6.14 | 5.06–5.67 | 195692.5 | −2.685 | 0.007 |
| Feel more lonely after COVID-19 | 3.43 (3.76) | 3.30 (3.85) | 3.59 (3.65) | 3.02–3.58 | 3.29–3.89 | 200293.0 | −2.071 | 0.038 |
| 3. Fears and concerns | ||||||||
| Afraid to get COVID-19 | 4.95 (3.66) | 4.95 (3.72) | 4.97 (3.60) | 4.68–5.21 | 4.67–5.26 | 212443.5 | −0.215 | 0.830 |
| Afraid no healthcare due to shortage of healthcare staff, room, or equipments | 4.91 (3.93) | 5.06 (4.05) | 4.72 (3.77) | 4.76–5.35 | 4.41–5.03 | 203490.5 | −1.544 | 0.123 |
| Afraid to lose my job | 3.72 (3.99) | 3.39 (3.98) | 4.14 (3.96) | 3.10–3.68 | 3.82–4.47 | 189979.5 | −3.646 | <0.0001 |
| Afraid to be separated from my family or beloved ones | 5.97 (3.92) | 6.34 (3.96) | 5.49 (3.83) | 6.06–6.62 | 5.18–5.80 | 183991.5 | −4.479 | <0.0001 |
| Afraid food and necessary things will not be available | 5.14 (3.76) | 5.35 (3.83) | 4.87 (3.66) | 5.07–5.62 | 4.57–5.17 | 198012.5 | −2.346 | 0.019 |
| Worried about contamination of food or water source with COVID-19 virus | 6.33 (3.59) | 6.55 (3.59) | 6.04 (3.57) | 6.29–6.81 | 5.75–6.34 | 194539.0 | −2.880 | 0.004 |
| Afraid of economic effects on me and my family | 6.84 (3.34) | 6.88 (3.35) | 6.79 (3.32) | 6.64–7.12 | 6.52–7.06 | 208105.5 | −0.864 | 0.387 |
| Afraid of punishment if one violates or does not comply with authority measures | 6.25 (3.72) | 6.13 (3.84) | 6.42 (3.55) | 5.85–6.40 | 6.13–6.71 | 207178.5 | −1.003 | 0.316 |
| Worried about safety of myself and my family | 6.46 (3.51) | 6.74 (3.48) | 6.09 (3.52) | 6.49–6.99 | 5.80–6.38 | 188969.5 | −3.711 | <0.0001 |
| 4. Effects on opinions and beliefs | ||||||||
| Afraid health authorities are not transparent regarding COVID-19 | 5.02 (3.85) | 4.97 (3.94) | 5.09 (3.73) | 4.69–5.26 | 4.78–5.39 | 211077.0 | −0.418 | 0.676 |
| Home self-isolation is acceptable | 8.66 (2.33) | 8.89 (2.22) | 8.35 (2.43) | 8.73–9.05 | 8.15–8.55 | 180850.5 | −5.527 | <0.0001 |
| Imposing curfews is acceptable | 8.49 (2.51) | 8.73 (2.38) | 8.18 (2.63) | 8.56–8.90 | 7.97–8.40 | 183614.5 | −4.996 | <0.0001 |
| People communication will change and be different after COVID-19 | 5.47 (3.61) | 5.32 (3.68) | 5.67 (3.50) | 5.05–5.58 | 5.38–5.95 | 203098.5 | −1.591 | 0.112 |
VAS, Visual Analog Scale; SD, standard deviation; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals; MWU, Mann–Whitney U-test statistic; Z, Z statistic; P, two-tailed significance probability value.