Table 6.
Post-hoc test for differences in VAS scores of COVID-19 impacts between participants from different countries in the study (N = 1,319, 744 females and 575 males).
| COVID-19 impacts | I | J | Mean dif. | Standard error | P | 95% confidence intervals | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Upper bound | ||||||
| 1. Precautions to avoid COVID-19 infection | |||||||
| Wash and disinfect hands more frequently | No significant differences between any two countries | ||||||
| Strict social distancing application | 4 | 2 | 0.395 | 0.190 | 0.038 | 0.02 | 0.77 |
| 4 | 3 | 0.389 | 0.191 | 0.042 | 0.01 | 0.76 | |
| Crowded area avoidance | No significant differences between any two countries | ||||||
| Avoidance of contact with people or their pets | No significant differences between any two countries | ||||||
| Daily habit changes | No significant differences between any two countries | ||||||
| 2. Feeling behavioral changes and distress | |||||||
| Stress is more | 4 | 2 | 0.654 | 0.284 | 0.022 | 0.10 | 1.21 |
| Depression is more | 4 | 1 | 0.628 | 0.287 | 0.029 | 0.07 | 1.19 |
| 4 | 2 | 0.810 | 0.288 | 0.005 | 0.24 | 1.38 | |
| Sad is more | 4 | 1 | 0.617 | 0.290 | 0.033 | 0.05 | 1.19 |
| 4 | 3 | 0.800 | 0.292 | 0.006 | 0.23 | 1.37 | |
| Worry more about the future | 4 | 1 | 0.897 | 0.288 | 0.002 | 0.33 | 1.46 |
| 4 | 2 | 1.176 | 0.290 | ** | 0.61 | 1.74 | |
| 4 | 3 | 0.767 | 0.291 | 0.008 | 0.20 | 1.34 | |
| Feel more lonely after COVID-19 | 4 | 1 | 0.925 | 0.292 | 0.002 | 0.35 | 1.50 |
| 4 | 2 | 0.657 | 0.294 | 0.025 | 0.08 | 1.23 | |
| 4 | 3 | 0.851 | 0.294 | 0.004 | 0.27 | 1.43 | |
| 3. Fears and concerns | |||||||
| Afraid to get COVID-19 | 1 | 2 | −0.613 | 0.283 | 0.030 | −1.17 | −0.06 |
| 1 | 3 | −0.615 | 0.284 | 0.030 | −1.17 | −0.06 | |
| 1 | 4 | −0.626 | 0.285 | 0.028 | −1.18 | −0.07 | |
| Afraid no healthcare due to shortage of healthcare staff | 3 | 1 | 0.877 | 0.301 | 0.004 | 0.29 | 1.47 |
| 3 | 2 | 1.398 | 0.303 | ** | 0.80 | 1.99 | |
| 4 | 1 | 1.076 | 0.302 | ** | 0.48 | 1.67 | |
| 4 | 2 | 1.597 | 0.304 | ** | 1.00 | 2.19 | |
| Afraid to lose my job | 3 | 1 | 0.629 | 0.308 | 0.041 | 0.03 | 1.23 |
| 3 | 2 | 1.090 | 0.309 | ** | 0.48 | 1.70 | |
| 4 | 2 | 0.904 | 0.311 | 0.004 | 0.29 | 1.51 | |
| Afraid to be separated from my family or beloved ones | 3 | 1 | 0.830 | 0.302 | 0.006 | 0.24 | 1.42 |
| 3 | 2 | 1.091 | 0.304 | ** | 0.49 | 1.69 | |
| 4 | 2 | 0.844 | 0.305 | 0.006 | 0.25 | 1.44 | |
| Afraid food and necessary things will not be available | 3 | 1 | 0.680 | 0.290 | 0.019 | 0.11 | 1.25 |
| 3 | 2 | 1.207 | 0.291 | ** | 0.64 | 1.78 | |
| 4 | 1 | 0.591 | 0.291 | 0.042 | 0.02 | 1.16 | |
| 4 | 2 | 1.118 | 0.292 | ** | 0.54 | 1.69 | |
| Worried about contamination of food or water source with COVID-19 virus | 3 | 2 | 0.863 | 0.279 | 0.002 | 0.32 | 1.41 |
| 3 | 4 | 0.971 | 0.280 | 0.001 | 0.42 | 1.52 | |
| Afraid of economic effects on me and my family | 2 | 1 | −1.030 | 0.255 | ** | −1.53 | −0.53 |
| 2 | 3 | −1.073 | 0.258 | ** | −1.58 | −0.57 | |
| 2 | 4 | −1.283 | 0.259 | ** | −1.79 | −0.77 | |
| Afraid of punishment if one violates or does not comply with authority measures | 4 | 1 | −0.755 | 0.287 | 0.009 | −1.32 | −0.19 |
| 4 | 2 | −1.209 | 0.289 | ** | −1.78 | −0.64 | |
| 4 | 3 | −0.928 | 0.290 | 0.001 | −1.50 | −0.36 | |
| 4. Effects on opinions and beliefs | |||||||
| Health authorities are not transparent regarding COVID-19 | 2 | 1 | −1.091 | 0.291 | ** | −1.66 | −0.52 |
| 2 | 3 | −1.648 | 0.293 | ** | −2.22 | −1.07 | |
| 4 | 1 | 1.259 | 0.293 | ** | 0.69 | 1.83 | |
| 4 | 2 | 2.350 | 0.294 | ** | 1.77 | 2.93 | |
| 4 | 3 | 0.702 | 0.295 | 0.018 | 0.12 | 1.28 | |
| Home self-isolation is acceptable | 2 | 1 | 0.893 | 0.178 | ** | 0.54 | 1.24 |
| 2 | 3 | 0.496 | 0.179 | 0.006 | 0.14 | 0.85 | |
| 2 | 4 | 0.907 | 0.180 | ** | 0.55 | 1.26 | |
| 3 | 1 | 0.398 | 0.178 | 0.026 | 0.05 | 0.75 | |
| 3 | 4 | 0.411 | 0.181 | 0.023 | 0.06 | 0.77 | |
| Imposing curfews is acceptable | 2 | 1 | 0.569 | 0.192 | 0.003 | 0.19 | 0.95 |
| 2 | 3 | 0.511 | 0.194 | 0.009 | 0.13 | 0.89 | |
| 2 | 4 | 0.913 | 0.195 | ** | 0.53 | 1.30 | |
| 4 | 1 | −0.345 | 0.194 | 0.075 | −0.72 | 0.04 | |
| 4 | 3 | −0.403 | 0.195 | 0.040 | −0.79 | −0.02 | |
| People communication will change and be different after COVID-19 | 2 | 1 | −0.969 | 0.276 | ** | −1.51 | −0.43 |
| 2 | 3 | −0.638 | 0.278 | 0.022 | −1.18 | −0.09 | |
| 4 | 1 | 0.566 | 0.278 | 0.042 | 0.02 | 1.11 | |
| 4 | 2 | 1.535 | 0.279 | ** | 0.99 | 2.08 | |
| 4 | 3 | 0.896 | 0.280 | 0.001 | 0.35 | 1.45 | |
I, first country; J, second country; 1, Jordan; 2, KSA; 3, Palestine; 4, UK; Mean dif., mean difference between country I and J; P, probability value significance calculated using the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test.
**
P <0.0001.