Table 2D.

Articles concerning harm reduction or responsible gambling and online gambling marketing.

Country	Author	Year	Journal	Objectives of the study	Type of study	Main Results	Discussion
Australia	Howe et al. (52)	2019	Plos One	To determine the relative importance of selected predictors (including the degree to which individuals see advertisements and receive promotional material) in determining both gambling frequency and PG	Quantitative study using an online survey panel	3,361 participants were included Factors associated with gambling frequency The degree to which peers or family were perceived as gamblers, self-reported approval of gambling, participation in offline discussions on gambling, PGSI scores Factors associated with PGSI scores Exposure to advertisements and receiving promotional material were correlated, but 91% of the explainable variance could be explained by 5 predictors: positive urgency, playing on poker machines at pubs, hotels, or sports clubs, gambling on the Internet, online discussions on gaming tables at casinos, overestimating chances of winning.	The degree to which others being perceived as gamblers was one of the strongest predictors of gambling frequency. Individuals overestimated how much others gambled and overestimated how far they approved of gambling. The authors suggested that interventions designed to reduce PG should concentrate on identified factors: reduction of access to poker machines, interventions to reduce people's overestimation of their chances of winning. A campaign of this type could aim to educate people to avoid common gambling fallacies.
Australia	Thomas et al. (53)	2017	Harm Reduct J	To explore how Victorian adolescents and adults attribute harm to different types of gambling activities To examine the extent to which Victorian adolescents and adults support the introduction of strategies aimed at reducing the harm associated with gambling	Mixed quantitative and qualitative method study Online panel survey to explore the attitudes of 500 Australian residents (16 to 88-years-old)	500 participants were included Gambling practice 40.2% of participants were at risk of experiencing some level of harm from gambling (PGSI ≥ 1) 16.6% recorded scores that indicated problem gambling (PGSI ≥ 8) Perception of harm The mean level of perception of harm was higher for casinos and EGM than for horse-racing or sports betting. Participants defined characteristics entailing risks of harm according the type of gambling: Casinos: seductive nature of the venue, no concept of time, environment encouraging gambling. EGMs: perception of EGMs as deceptive or exploitative, perception that EGMs were not risky, accessibility and availability Horse-racing and sport betting: multiple markets offered by online betting providers, constant availability of opportunities to gamble, easy to lose financial control when betting on apps, and role of marketing in the normalization of sports betting. Agreement and disagreement with gambling harm reduction strategies More than 90% of participants agreed or strongly agreed with a ban on gambling advertising during children's viewing hours (n = 457, 91.4%) 86.2% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that sporting organizations should take more responsibility for how gambling is promoted. There was strong agreement with proposals for increased public education about the harm associated with gambling.	EGMs and casinos were identified as the most at risk, participants aware of EGM risks Perceptions of harm do not necessarily translate into behavioral choices. Overwhelming community support for: - Campaigns that focus on educating the community about the harm associated with gambling - Stricter boundaries placed around gambling products and the marketing of these products Government approaches in Australia are out of line with community attitudes and public expectations for mechanisms to protect communities from potentially harmful products. The authors sound a caution, in case of significant efforts of regulation of products, and negative community attitudes, industries could develop counter-measures to appear as “good corporate citizens” to avoid or minimize the impact of restrictions or regulations.