Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With and Without Tranexamic Acid Exposure.
| Characteristic | No. (%)a | P value | Missing, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 1827) | Patients who received tranexamic acid (n = 693) | Patients who did not receive tranexamic acid (n = 1134) | |||
| Demographic and injury data | |||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 45 (23-65) | 47 (25-66) | 45 (22-65) | .03 | 20 (1.1) |
| Male sex | 1283 (70) | 486 (70) | 797 (70) | .94 | 3 (0.2) |
| Mechanism of injury | |||||
| Motor vehicle injury | 317 (18) | 130 (19) | 187 (17) | .05 | 29 (1.6) |
| Motorcycle injury | 167 (9) | 66 (10) | 101 (9) | ||
| Bicycle injury | 399 (22) | 169 (25) | 230 (21) | ||
| Pedestrian injury | 126 (7) | 52 (8) | 74 (7) | ||
| Other traffic injury | 56 (3) | 25 (4) | 31 (3) | ||
| Fall from height | 625 (35) | 208 (30) | 417 (37) | ||
| Firearm or stab injury | 34 (2) | 13 (2) | 21 (3) | ||
| Other | 74 (4) | 22 (3) | 52 (5) | ||
| ISS, median (IQR) | 26 (18-34) | 27 (21-38) | 26 (17-34) | <.001 | 208 (11.3) |
| Prehospital vital parameters at HEMS arrivalb | |||||
| GCS score, median (IQR) | 4 (3-7) | 4 (3-6) | 5 (3-7) | <.001 | 0 (0) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 143 (36) | 142 (38) | 143 (35) | .40 | 253 (13.8) |
| Heart rate, min−1 | 94 (29) | 98 (28) | 92 (29) | <.001 | 100 (5.5) |
| SpO2, median (IQR), % | 97 (93-99) | 97 (93-99) | 98 (94-99) | .40 | 273 (14.9) |
| In-hospital data | |||||
| Hospital LOS, median (IQR), dc | 16 (6-32) | 17 (7.5-35) | 15 (5-31) | .007 | 11 (1.0) |
| GOS score at discharge | |||||
| Death | 573 (31) | 250 (39) | 323 (32) | .001 | 170 (9.3) |
| Vegetative state | 38 (2) | 19 (3) | 19 (2) | ||
| Severe disability | 599 (33) | 214 (34) | 385 (38) | ||
| Moderate disability | 177 (10) | 70 (11) | 107 (10) | ||
| Good recovery | 270 (15) | 80 (13) | 190 (19) | ||
| Primary outcome | |||||
| Death at 30 d | 563 (33) | 241 (37) | 322 (30) | .005 | 113 (6.2) |
Abbreviations: GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale; HEMS, Helicopter Emergency Medical Services; IQR, interquartile range; ISS, Injury Severity Score; LOS, length of stay; SpO2, oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry.
a
Percentages are column percentages, may not necessarily add up to 100% because of rounding error, and may not necessarily use the total No. of the respective column as the denominator because of missing data (see Missing column).
b
Prehospital vital parameters represent the first documented values after the arrival of HEMS.
c
Hospital LOS was calculated only for patients who were known to survive to discharge.