Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

No.	Authors	Year of study	Study site	Types of samples/number of samples	Number of malaria cases by PCR	Number of P. cynomolgi cases by PCR	Age of patients with P. cynomolgi (years)	Number of male patients with P. cynomolgi	PCR for P. cynomolgi	Target gene for PCR
1.	Grignard et al., 2019 [18]	2015	Northern Sabah, Malaysia	Human/876	54	2	43, 63	2 (100%)	Genus specific semi-nested PCR	18S rRNA
2.	Imwong et al., 2019 [19]	2013–2016	Pailin and Battambang provinces, Cambodia	Human/14,732	1361	13	Median 28, range 7–64	11 (84.6%)	Nested PCR	18S rRNA
3.	Raja et al., 2020 [20]	2013–2017	Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia	Human/1047 (seropositive for malaria)	845	6	36, 18, 63, 50, 17, 65	3 (50%)	Nested PCR	18S rRNA
4.	Chinh et al., 2019 [21]	2005–2018	Southern Vietnam	Mosquitoes/1386	40	9			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
5.	Chua et al., 2017 [22]	2013–2014	Kudat district, Sabah, Malaysia	Mosquitoes/1586	23	6			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
6.	Maeno et al., 2015 [23]	2010–2013	Vietnam	Mosquitoes/6062	86	11			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
7.	Akter et al., 2015 [11]	2014	Selangor, Malaysia	Macaques/70	36	18			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
8.	Amir et al., 2020 [12]	2016	Johor, Malaysia	Macaques/103	64	42			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
9.	Lee et al., 2011 [15]	2004–2008	Sarawak, Malaysia	Macaques/108	101	61			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
10.	Muehlenbein et al., 2015 [16]	Not specified	Sabah, Malaysia	Macaques/41	41	4			Not specified type of PCR	cytochrome b
11.	Gamalo et al., 2019 [13]	2017	Luzon, Philippines	Macaques/95	95	26			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
12.	Zhang et al., 2016 [17]	Not specified	Batangas/Zamboanga, Philippines	Macaques/68	7	4			Nested PCR	18S rRNA
			Southern Sumatra, Indonesia	Macaques/50	49	48
			Bintan Island, Indonesia	Macaques/20	16	13
			Singapore	Macaques/40	31	26
			Vanny, Cambodia	Macaques/54	44	27
			Guidong, Laos	Macaques/44	30	28
13.	Li Meizhi I, 2011 [14]	Not specified	Singapore	Macaques/92	66	56			Nested PCR	18S rRNA