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Metabolic sensors and mitochondria. Metabolic sensors detect changes in oxygen, nutrient, or hormone levels to induce or inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis or removal by mitophagy. Crosstalk between the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways can alter the balance of mitochondrial responses to nutrients or other metabolic signals
