Table 2.

Direct and indirect cost estimations for implementation studies

Cost type	Definition	Examples of measurements
Direct costs of implementation	Direct costs incurred as a result of EBP implementation including training of staff, purchasing of manuals/instruction aids, travel expenses, meeting, calls, data collection and management, site visits, supervision	Hours/minutes on implementation-related activity*(Base salary per hour/min + Fringe/benefit) + Travel (Airfare, hotel, ground transportation)
Direct service costs	Direct costs of billable healthcare and other related services as a result of implementation activity	Claims data analyzed for services related to specific population in EBP
Indirect costs of implementation	Lost time spent on implementation activities rather than usual clinical/professional activities	Time spent on implementation activities* hourly direct cost rate for normal billable activity; Indirect costs are classified as on-going (regular meetings) as well as one-time events (trainings)