Table 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in the Pre-Index Period Among Patients with DED Treated with Lifitegrast (n=600)
| Demographic Characteristics | |
| Age (years) at index date, mean ± SD [median] (95% CI of mean) | 57.1 ± 12.8 [58.3] (56.1, 58.1) |
| Age (years) at index date, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| 18–34 | 34 (5.7 [4.0, 7.8]) |
| 35–49 | 129 (21.5 [18.3, 25.0]) |
| 50–64 | 278 (46.3 [42.3, 50.4]) |
| 65–69 | 70 (11.7 [9.2, 14.5]) |
| 70–74 | 50 (8.3 [6.2, 10.8]) |
| 75–79 | 25 (4.2 [2.7, 6.1]) |
| 80–84 | 8 (1.3 [0.6, 2.6]) |
| ≥ 85 | 6 (1.0 [0.4, 2.2]) |
| Female, n (% [95% CI]) | 455 (75.8 [72.2, 79.2]) |
| Clinical Characteristics | |
| Year of DED diagnosis, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| ≤ 2015 | 88 (14.7 [11.9, 17.8]) |
| 2016 | 71 (11.8 [9.4, 14.7]) |
| 2017 | 136 (22.7 [19.4, 26.2]) |
| 2018 | 185 (30.8 [27.2, 34.7]) |
| 2019 | 78 (13.0 [10.4, 16.0]) |
| Unknown | 42 (7.0 [5.1, 9.3]) |
| HCP who made the first DED diagnosis, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| Ophthalmologist | 332 (55.3 [51.3, 59.4]) |
| Optometrist | 262 (43.7 [39.7, 47.7]) |
| Physician | 4 (0.7 [0.2, 1.7]) |
| Other | 0 (0.0) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.3 [0.0, 1.2]) |
| Cause/type of DED, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| Evaporative deficiency | 536 (89.3 [86.6, 91.7]) |
| Blepharitis | 211 (39.4 [35.2, 43.6]) |
| Ectropion | 4 (0.7 [0.2, 1.9]) |
| Entropion | 1 (0.2 [0.0, 1.0]) |
| Exposure to smoke, wind, or a very dry climate | 93 (17.4 [14.2, 20.8]) |
| Looking at a computer screen for a long time, reading, or other activities that reduce blinking | 238 (44.4 [40.1, 48.7]) |
| Meibomian gland dysfunction | 362 (67.5 [63.4, 71.5]) |
| Refractive eye surgery (eg, LASIK, PRK, etc) | 55 (10.3 [7.8, 13.1]) |
| Thyroid disease | 19 (3.5 [2.1, 5.5]) |
| Using contact lenses for a long time | 87 (16.2 [13.2, 19.6]) |
| Aqueous deficiency | 192 (32.0 [28.3, 35.9]) |
| Graft vs host disease | 8 (4.2 [1.8, 8.0]) |
| Lupus | 9 (4.7 [2.2, 8.7]) |
| Medication use (eg, diuretics, beta-blockers, antihistamines, sleeping pills, antidepressants) | 107 (55.7 [48.4, 62.9]) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (and other auto-immune conditions) | 45 (23.4 [17.6, 30.1]) |
| Sjögren’s syndrome (primary and secondary) | 35 (18.2 [13.0, 24.4]) |
| Othera | 10 (1.7 [0.8, 3.0]) |
| None of the above | 28 (4.7 [3.1, 6.7]) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2 [0.0, 0.9]) |
| Evaporative deficiency only | 376 (62.7 [58.7, 66.5]) |
| Aqueous deficiency only | 32 (5.3 [3.7, 7.4]) |
| Both evaporative and aqueous deficiency | 160 (26.7 [23.2, 30.4]) |
| Ocular diseases/conditions, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| Amblyopia | 7 (1.2 [0.5, 2.4]) |
| Cataract | 203 (33.8 [30.1, 37.8]) |
| Glaucoma | 33 (5.5 [3.8, 7.6]) |
| Macular degeneration | 24 (4.0 [2.6, 5.9]) |
| Previous ocular injury | 15 (2.5 [1.4, 4.1]) |
| Strabismus | 3 (0.5 [0.1, 1.5]) |
| Otherb | 29 (4.8 [3.3, 6.9]) |
| None of the above | 334 (55.7 [51.6, 59.7]) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.3 [0.0, 1.2]) |
| DED-related comorbidities, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| Acne rosacea | 41 (6.8 [4.9, 9.2]) |
| Allergies (eg, environmental, dietary, drug, latex, etc) | 114 (19.0 [15.9, 22.4]) |
| Anxiety | 63 (10.5 [8.2, 13.2]) |
| Depression | 63 (10.5 [8.2, 13.2]) |
| Diabetes | 82 (13.7 [11.0, 16.7]) |
| Fibromyalgia | 21 (3.5 [2.2, 5.3]) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 42 (7.0 [5.1, 9.3]) |
| Hypertension | 163 (27.2 [23.6, 30.9]) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 35 (5.8 [4.1, 8.0]) |
| Sjögren’s Syndrome | 21 (3.5 [2.2, 5.3]) |
| Sleep apnea | 21 |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 43 (7.2 [5.2, 9.5]) |
| None of the above | 172 (28.7 [25.1, 32.5]) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2 [0.0, 0.9]) |
| Contact lenses usage, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| Daily disposable | 72 (12.0 [9.5, 14.9]) |
| Weekly disposable | 30 (5.0 [3.4, 7.1]) |
| Monthly disposable | 40 (6.7 [4.8, 9.0]) |
| Disposable soft | 13 (2.2 [1.2, 3.7]) |
| Extended wear | 4 (0.7 [0.2, 1.7]) |
| Gas permeable | 8 (1.3 [0.6, 2.6]) |
| None of the above | 438 (73.0 [69.3, 76.5]) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2 [0.0, 0.9]) |
| Self-reported screen time per day, n (% [95% CI]) | |
| < 1 hour | 52 (8.7 [6.5, 11.2]) |
| 1–3 hours | 149 (24.8 [21.4, 28.5]) |
| 4–6 hours | 197 (32.8 [29.1, 36.8]) |
| 7–9 hours | 126 (21.0 [17.8, 24.5]) |
| 10–12 hours | 21 (3.5 [2.2, 5.3]) |
| >12 hours | 3 (0.5 [0.1, 1.5]) |
| Unknown | 52 (8.7 [6.5, 11.2]) |
Notes: aOther causes/types of DED included acne rosacea, allergies, diabetes, lacrimal gland radiation, lagophthalmos, post-chemotherapy, postmenopausal, and tear film abnormalities. bOther ocular diseases and conditions included allergic conjunctivitis, anatomically narrow angles, blepharitis, chalazion, conjunctivochalasis, corneal dystrophy, dermatochalasis, diabetic retinopathy, drusen, epiretinal membrane, filamentary keratitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, keratoconus, lagophthalmos, penetrating keratoplasty, posterior vitreous detachment, pseudophakia, pterygium, recurrent corneal erosion, retinal detachment, retinal hole, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, superficial punctate keratitis, and uveitis.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DED, dry eye disease; LASIK, laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis; PRK, photoreactive keratectomy; SD, standard deviation.