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. 2021 Feb 25;11:613328. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613328

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Copyright © 2021 Safa, Lau, Aten, Schilling, Bales, Miller, Fitzgerald, Chen, Hill, Dzwigalski, Obrietan, Phelps, Sadee and Oberdick.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Spontaneous vs naloxone-induced withdrawal in adult and newborn guinea pigs. (A) Adults treated with MTD show a trend, but no significant spontaneous withdrawal. Newborns with prenatal MTD show significant spontaneous withdrawal, and newborn controls are significantly more active than adult controls. (B) Adults treated with MTD show significant naloxone-induced withdrawal, but newborns do not. (A), (B) MTD dose is 10 mg/kg; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, by t-test (with Bonferroni correction in A for multiple testing).