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. 2021 Feb 25;11:613328. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613328

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Copyright © 2021 Safa, Lau, Aten, Schilling, Bales, Miller, Fitzgerald, Chen, Hill, Dzwigalski, Obrietan, Phelps, Sadee and Oberdick.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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6BN prevents the effects of MTD on newborn withdrawal. Pups at 48 h after birth were placed in the open-field arena for 10 min and video recorded. (A) Distance traveled in meters; (B) total freezing time in seconds; (C) total number of calls in 10 min; (D) signal-to-noize ratio (SNR, or “loudness”) of calls. Three behaviors show a significant overall effect of 6BN by linear trend test: p < 0.05 for (A), (B) and (D). For individual comparisons to “0 6BN”, by Dunnett post-hoc test: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. For comparison of “0 6BN” to saline control (gray horizontal lines, mean ± SEM) by t-test: ^ψ p < 0.05; ^ψψ p <0.01; ^ψψψ p <0.001. An average of 16 pups from 8 litters was used in each dosage group.