Table 4.
Quantitative detection of antimicrobial residues in foods of animal origin using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).
| Sample category | Sample (n) | Amoxicillin (mg/kg) | Oxytetracycline (mg/kg) | Chloramphenicol (mg/kg) | Test methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broiler chickens | Breast (10) | 0.479 | UHPLC | ||
| Liver (10) | 0.0847 | ||||
| Liver (10) | 0.000403 | LC-MS | |||
| Meat (145) | 522.90 | UHPLC | |||
| Meat (10) | 0.000275 | LC-MS | |||
| Indigenous chickens | Meat (33) | 444.30 | UHPLC | ||
| Meat (10) | 0.000405 | LC-MS | |||
| Liver (10) | 0.000438 | ||||
| Eggs (10) | 29.64 | UHPLC | |||
| Livestock | Milk (10) | 33.00 | |||
| Fish | Climbing perch (5) | 584.40 | |||
| Climbing perch (10) | 0.000188 | LC-MS | |||
| Rui fish (8) | 555.60 | UHPLC | |||
| Rui fish (10) | 0.000515 | LC-MS | |||
| Trout (10) | 0.000328 | ||||
| Bombay duck (2) | 14.80 | UHPLC | |||
| Shrimp (7) | 419.50 | ||||
| Tilapia (6) | 683.20 | ||||
| Tilapia (24) | 0.0388 | ||||
| Tilapia (10) | 0.0003535 | LC-MS | |||
| Pungas (10) | 0.000133 | ||||
| Pungas (24) | 0.0351 | UHPLC |
Antibiotic concentrations are based on the following references (Bakar et al., 2013; Barman et al., 2018; Chowdhury et al., 2015; Ferdous et al., 2019; Hossain et al., 2018; Sattar et al., 2014).