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Mechanisms of DNA damage response pathways in GBM. ATM, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated; ATR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related; BER, base excision repair; DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase; DSB, double-stranded break; MGMT, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; HR, homologous recombination; MMR, mismatch repair; NHEJ, non-homologous end joining; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; RT, radiation therapy; SSB, single-stranded break; TMZ, temozolomide.
