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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Microbiol. 2020 Dec 28;47(1):57–78. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2020.1842325

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of biofilm effects.

Figure 1.

On one hand, biofilms play beneficial roles in wastewater treatment, biodegradation and bioremediation, and geochemical cycles of various elements. On the other hand, biofilms affect human life and health, contaminating medical implants and devices and causing a variety of infections.