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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Microbiol. 2020 Dec 28;47(1):57–78. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2020.1842325

Figure 4. Applying external pressure to eradicate mature biofilm.

Figure 4.

(A) Ultrasound directly eradicates biofilm from the solid surface. (B) Phage lysins effectively kill bacteria in the biofilm through cleaving bacterial peptidoglycan. (C) Degradative enzymes eradicate biofilm by degrading the polysaccharide and eDNA in the EPS matrix. (D) Microbial metabolites disrupt bacterial cell membrane or regulate bacterial physiological activity to eradicate the biofilm.