Table 7. Results from logistic regression analyses examining the association between arts engagement score and odds of depression and loneliness as well as linear regression analyses examining the association between arts engagement score, wellbeing, and social connectedness.
All arts engagement variables and all outcomes were entered and analysed in individual models, UK-wide HEartS Survey n = 5,338.
| Depression | UCLA loneliness | Wellbeing | Social Connectedness | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | R2 | OR | 95% CI | p | R2 | B | 95% CI | p | R2 | B | 95% CI | p | R2 | |
| Model 1: sociodemographic variables | ||||||||||||||||
| Overall arts activities score | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.15 | 5.56% | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.10 | 4.44% | 0.67 | 0.59–0.75 | <0.001 | 7.26% | 0.24 | 0.16–0.31 | <0.001 | 7.66% |
| Participatory arts activities score | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.001 | 5.69% | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.98 | 4.41% | 1.00 | 0.85–1.17 | <0.001 | 5.27% | 0.10 | -0.03–0.24 | 0.14 | 7.05% |
| Receptive arts activities score | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.63 | 5.54% | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | 0.004 | 4.52% | 1.21 | 1.07–1.36 | <0.001 | 7.64% | 0.63 | 0.50–0.75 | <0.001 | 8.54% |
| Model 2: Model 1 + socioeconomic variables | ||||||||||||||||
| Overall arts activities score | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.001 | 7.71% | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.48 | 5.76% | 0.61 | 0.53–0.69 | <0.001 | 9.48% | 0.18 | 0.11–0.26 | <0.001 | 10.47% |
| Participatory arts activities score | 1.05 | 1.02–1.07 | <0.001 | 7.82% | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.77 | 5.75% | 0.93 | 0.78–1.09 | <0.001 | 8.08% | 0.06 | -0.08–0.20 | 0.39 | 10.10% |
| Receptive arts activities score | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.08 | 7.61% | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.13 | 5.79% | 1.08 | 0.93–1.22 | <0.001 | 9.57% | 0.51 | 0.38–0.64 | <0.001 | 11.04% |
| Model 3: Model 2 + health and fitness variables | ||||||||||||||||
| Overall arts activities score | 1.03 | 1.02–1.05 | <0.001 | 15.56% | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.34 | 9.94% | 0.42 | 0.34–0.50 | <0.001 | 23.42% | 0.04 | -0.04–0.11 | 0.34 | 20.51% |
| Participatory arts activities score | 1.07 | 1.04–1.09 | <0.001 | 15.59% | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.19 | 9.95% | 0.65 | 0.50–0.80 | <0.001 | 22.91% | -0.16 | -0.29–0.02 | 0.025 | 20.57% |
| Receptive arts activities score | 1.05 | 1.02–1.07 | <0.001 | 15.40% | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.66 | 9.93% | 0.71 | 0.56–0.85 | <0.001 | 23.32% | 0.24 | 0.11–0.38 | <0.001 | 20.69% |
| Model 4: Model 3 + social circumstances variables | ||||||||||||||||
| Overall arts activities score | 1.03 | 1.02–1.05 | <0.001 | 18.94% | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.56 | 16.08% | 0.45 | 0.37–0.53 | <0.001 | 28.81% | 0.07 | -0.004–0.14 | 0.06 | 26.29% |
| Participatory arts activities score | 1.06 | 1.03–1.09 | <0.001 | 18.95% | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.54 | 16.08% | 0.72 | 0.57–0.87 | <0.001 | 28.34% | -0.08 | -0.21–0.06 | 0.26 | 26.26% |
| Receptive arts activities score | 1.04 | 1.02–1.07 | <0.001 | 18.83% | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.65 | 16.08% | 0.72 | 0.58–0.86 | <0.001 | 28.58% | 0.27 | 0.14–0.40 | <0.001 | 26.48% |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; B, regression coefficient; R2, Pseudo R-squared in logistic regression models and R-squared in linear regression models.
Cut points for cases: Depression CES-D ≥3; loneliness R-UCLA ≥6.
Model 1: Gender, age, ethnicity; Model 2: Model 1 + educational attainment, household income; Model 3: Model 2 + self-rated health and physical activity (mild, moderate, vigorous); Model 4: Model 3 + living status, closeness of relationship with a partner.