Table 2.
Phytochemistry of Equisetum genus stratified by species, plant part, method, and compounds.
| Species | Plant part | Extract/method | Compounds | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equisetum arvense L. | Rhizomes | MeOH/CC-HPLC | 3′-Deoxyequisetumpyrone | [51] |
| 4′-O-Methylequisetumpyrone | ||||
| Aerial parts | EtOAc fraction/CC | Onitin | [25] | |
| Onitin-9-O-glucoside | ||||
| Apigenin | ||||
| Luteolin | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| EtOAc fraction/HPLC-DAD | Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | [52] | ||
| Apigenin 5-O-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-glycoside | ||||
| n-BuOH fraction/HPLC-DAD | Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | |||
| Di-E-caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid | ||||
| H2O fraction/HPLC-DAD | Di-E-caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid | |||
| Phenolic acid 1 | ||||
| Phenolic acid 2 | ||||
| Petrol/PTLC-GC-MS | Taraxerol | [53] | ||
| β-amyrin | ||||
| Germanicol | ||||
| α-Amyrin | ||||
| Ursolic acid | ||||
| Oleanolic acid | ||||
| Betulinic acid | ||||
| Isobauerenol | ||||
| Epicholestanol | ||||
| Cholesterol | ||||
| Sitosterol | ||||
| 28-Isofucosterol | ||||
| Taraxasterone | ||||
| ψ-Taraxasterone | ||||
| Unreported | Ethanol decoct/HPLC | Mono-, di-, and triglycosides of kaempferol | [22] | |
| Quercetin | ||||
| Apigenin | ||||
| Genkwanin | ||||
| Protogenkwanin | ||||
| Mono- and dicaffeoyl-tartaric acid | ||||
| Fertile sprouts | Water-soluble/spectroscopic analysis | Equisetumoside A-C | [54] | |
| Uridine | ||||
| Inosine | ||||
| 2′-Deoxyinosine | ||||
| 2′-Deoxycytidine | ||||
| Tryptophan | ||||
| Thymidine | ||||
| 5-Carboxy-2′-deoxyuridine | ||||
| Coniferin | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-sophoroside-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Stems | Hydroalcoholic/HPLC | Quercetin | [24] | |
| Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonylglucoside) | ||||
| 5-O-Caffeoyl shikimic acid | ||||
| Monocaffeoyl meso-tartaric acid | ||||
| Dicaffeoyl meso-tartaric acid | ||||
| Aerial parts | Diethyl ether/GC-MS | Benzaldehyde | [55] | |
| Phenylethanal | ||||
| 2-Phenylethanol | ||||
| 4-Vinylguaiacol | ||||
| Isovanillin | ||||
| Homovanillic acid | ||||
| 2,3-Octanedione | ||||
| Hexanoic acid | ||||
| (Z)-3-Hexanoic acid | ||||
| (E)-2-Hexanoic acid | ||||
| Dihydroactinidiolide | ||||
| (E,Z)-Pseudoionone | ||||
| (E,E)-Pseudoionone | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 4-Hydroxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 3-Oxo-α-ionol | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-7,8-epoxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 4-Oxo-β-ionone | ||||
| 4-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol | ||||
| Equisetum bogotense Kunth | Unreported | Acidic/HILIC HPLC | Nicotine | [56] |
| Palustrine | ||||
| Palustridiene | ||||
| Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher | Whole plant | EtOAc/CC | Phenylhexane debilitriol | [57] |
| Equisetumine | ||||
| Guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl ether | ||||
| 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde | ||||
| Coumaric acid | ||||
| p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | ||||
| Ferulic acid | ||||
| BuOH/CC | (+)-Lariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | |||
| 8-O-4′ Neolignan glucoside debilignanoside | ||||
| Equisetumoside B | ||||
| (+)-Isolariciresinol-3-α-O- β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Thymidine | ||||
| EtOAc/CC | Blumenol A | [58] | ||
| Corchoinoside C | ||||
| BuOH/CC | Sammangaoside A | |||
| Debilosides A–C | ||||
| (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)‐9‐[(β‐D‐Glucopyranosyl)oxy]megastigm‐7‐ene‐3,5,6‐triol | ||||
| Aerial parts | MeOH/CC | Macarangioside D | [59] | |
| Sammangaoside A | ||||
| (3S,5R,6S,7E,9S)-Megastigman-7-ene-5,6-epoxy-3,9-diol 3,9-O- ß-D-diglucopyranoside | ||||
| (6R,9S)-3-Oxo-α-ionol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Debiloside B | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3,7-O-β-D-diglucopyranoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside-7-O- ß-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Phenylethyl O- ß-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| (Z)-3-Hexanyl O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| (7S,8R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl 4-O- ß-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| L-tryptophan | ||||
| Equisetum giganteum L. | Stems | Hydroethanolic/LC-DAD and LC–ESI-MS/MS | Quercetin tri-O-hexoside | [60] |
| Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside | ||||
| 3-Hydroxyhispidin-3,4′-di-O-glucoside | ||||
| Quercetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside | ||||
| Quercetin 3-O-(caffeoyl)-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3,7-di-O-glucoside | ||||
| Flavonol-di-O-hexoside | ||||
| Equisetumpyrone | ||||
| Caffeic acid derivative | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside | ||||
| Ferulic acid derivative | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Aerial parts | Hydroethanolic/RP-UHPLC, UV-Vis, and MS/MSn | Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside-7-O- glucoside | [10] | |
| 3-Hydroxyhispidin-3,4′-di-O-glucoside | ||||
| Quercetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside | ||||
| Quercetin 3-O-(caffeoyl)-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3,7-di-O-glucoside | ||||
| Flavonol-di-O-hexoside | ||||
| Equisetumpyrone | ||||
| Caffeic acid derivative | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside | ||||
| Quercetin-hexoside | ||||
| Ferulic acid derivative | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Unreported | Acidic/HILIC HPLC | Palustridiene | [56] | |
| Equisetum hyemale L. | Aerial parts | Hydroalcoholic/HPLC–PAD | Gallic acid | [61] |
| Tannic acid | ||||
| Chlorogenic acid | ||||
| Caffeic acid | ||||
| n-BuOH/CC | Quercetin | [62] | ||
| Kaempferol 7-O- β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| α-D-fructofuranose | ||||
| 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | ||||
| L-Uridine | ||||
| Kaempferol 3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-sophoroside-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 7-O-α-L-rhamnoside-4′-O-β-D-glycopyranoside | ||||
| 2-(Sophorosyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanone | ||||
| Equisetum myriochaetum Schlecht. and Cham. | Aerial parts | H2O and BuOH/CC-HPLC | Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside | [63] |
| Kaempferol 3,7-di-O-β-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside-4′-O- β-glucoside | ||||
| Caffeoyl-methylate-4- β-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Unreported | Unreported | Chrysin | [64] | |
| β-Sitosterol | ||||
| β-D-glucosylsitosterol | ||||
| β-D-glucose | ||||
| Fatty acids | ||||
| Equisetum palustre L. | Unreported | Acidic/HILIC HPLC | Nicotine | [56] |
| Palustrine | ||||
| Palustridiene | ||||
| Whole plant | Acidic fraction/HPLC–ESI-MS/MS | Palustrine | [50] | |
| N5-Formylpalustrine | ||||
| N5-Acetylpalustrine | ||||
| 18-Deoxypalustrine | ||||
| Palustridiene | ||||
| N5-Formylpalustridiene | ||||
| Myricoidine | ||||
| Spermidine | ||||
| Aerial parts | n-BuOH/HS-CCCC | Kaempferol 3-O-1”- β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-1‴- β -D-glucopyranoside | [35] | |
| Unreported | MSPD extraction/UHPLC–MS/MS | Kaempferol 3-O-1”- β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-1‴- β -D-glucopyranoside | [65] | |
| 4-O-(p-coumaroyl)shikimic acid | ||||
| Luteolin-7-O- β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Quercetin-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Apigenin-5-O- β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Genkwanin-5-O- β-D-glucopyranoside | ||||
| Luteolin | ||||
| Apigenin | ||||
| Genkwanin | ||||
| Stems | Hydroalcoholic/HPLC | Kaempferol | [24] | |
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3′-O-rutinoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-sophoroside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside | ||||
| Monocaffeoyl meso-tartaric acid | ||||
| Aerial parts | Diethyl ether/GC-MS | Benzaldehyde | [55] | |
| Phenylethanal | ||||
| 2-Phenylethanol | ||||
| 4-Vinylguaiacol | ||||
| Isovanillin | ||||
| Homovanillic acid | ||||
| 2,3-Octanedione | ||||
| Hexanoic acid | ||||
| (Z)-3-Hexanoic acid | ||||
| (E)-2-Hexanoic acid | ||||
| Dihydroactinidiolide | ||||
| (E,Z)-Pseudoionone | ||||
| (E,E)-Pseudoionone | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 4-Hydroxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 3-Oxo-α-ionol | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-7,8-epoxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 4-Oxo-β-ionone | ||||
| 4-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol | ||||
| Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. | Aerial parts | Diethyl ether/GC-MS | Phenylethanal | [55] |
| 2-Phenylethanol | ||||
| Phenylacetic acid | ||||
| 4-Vinylguaiacol | ||||
| (Z)-Ferulic acid | ||||
| (E)-Ferulic acid | ||||
| (E)-2-Heptenal | ||||
| Hexanoic acid | ||||
| Heptanoic acid | ||||
| (E)-2-decenal | ||||
| Nonanoic acid | ||||
| (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal | ||||
| (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal | ||||
| Lauric acid | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-7,8-epoxy-β-ionol | ||||
| Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. | Stems | Hydroalcoholic/HPLC | Kaempferol | [24] |
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetylglucoside) | ||||
| Kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetylglucoside)-7-O-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetylglucoside)-7-O-rhamnoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside | ||||
| 5-O-Caffeoyl shikimic acid | ||||
| Monocaffeoyl meso-tartaric acid | ||||
| Aerial parts | EtOAc fraction/HPLC-PAD-ESI/MS | Protocatechuic acid | [36] | |
| p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | ||||
| Proanthocyanidin tetramer containing an Afz residue | ||||
| Procyanidin dimer B2 | ||||
| Caffeic acid derivative | ||||
| A-type proanthocyanidin trimer | ||||
| Caffeic acid derivative | ||||
| Procyanidin trimer C1 | ||||
| Proanthocyanidin trimer (epi)Afz-(epi)C-(epi)C | ||||
| Kaempferol acetyl-dihexose | ||||
| Proanthocyanidin trimer (epi)C-(epi)C-(epi)Afz | ||||
| Proanthocyanidin tetramer containing two Afz residues | ||||
| Kaempferol glucoside-rhamnoside | ||||
| Caffeic acid derivative | ||||
| Kaempferol acetylglucoside-rhamnoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ||||
| Kaempferol 3- O-acetylglucoside | ||||
| Aerial parts | Benzyl alcohol | [55] | ||
| Phenylethanal | ||||
| 4-Vinylguaiacol | ||||
| Isovanillin | ||||
| 2,3-Octanedione | ||||
| (Z)-3-Hexanoic acid | ||||
| β-Caryophyllene | ||||
| α-Ionone | ||||
| (E,E)-Pseudoionone | ||||
| 3-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionone | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-α-ionone | ||||
| 3-Oxo-α-ionol | ||||
| 3-Hydroxy-7,8-epoxy-β-ionol | ||||
| 4-Hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol |
Afzelechin (Afz); column chromatography (CC); gas chromatography (GC); epicatechin or catechin ((epi)C); epiafzelechin or afzelechin ((epi)Afz); high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); high-speed centrifugal countercurrent chromatography (HS-CCCC); diode-array detector (DAD); hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC); liquid chromatography (LC); electrospray ionization (ESI); mass spectrometry (MS); reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC); pulsed amperometric detection (PAD); ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis); preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC).