Table 2.
Global distribution of reported enzymatic carbapenem resistance rates and published outbreak series by geographical region
| Region | Country | Carbapenemase genes described | Bacterial species implicated | Percent carbapenem resistance reported | Examples; Published outbreak | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. America | USA/Canada |
KPC, NDM, VIM, OXA, IMP |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 10.3–58.5% | K. pneumoniae (KPC-2) | (57–60) (25) (30–34) |
| Escherichia coli | 0.2–4% | |||||
| Enterobacteralesa | 2–4% | |||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 11–50% | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10–59% | |||||
| Asia -Pacific | Japan |
NDM, VIM, IMP, KPC, NDM, |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1.6–20% |
K. pneumoniae (KPC-16)) K. pneumoniae (KPC-15 K. pneumoniae (KPC-3) K. pneumoniae (OXA-48) |
(58, 61–65) |
| Thailand | ||||||
| Vietnam | Escherichia coli | 0–% | ||||
| Singapore | Enterobacteralesa | 0–32% | ||||
| Taiwan | Acinetobacter baumannii | 25%–91% | ||||
| S. Korea | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10–47% | ||||
| E. Asia | China |
KPC, NDM, VIM |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 5–52% |
K. pneumoniae (NDM-5) K. pneumoniae (NDM-15 E. cloacae (NDM1,5) E. cloacae (KPC-2) E. cloacae (VIM-1) A. baumannii (OXA-23) P. aeruginosa (KPC-2) |
(66–69, 70–71) |
| Escherichia coli | ^ID (insufficient data) | |||||
| Enterobacteralesa | ^ID (insufficient data) | |||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 10–90% | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10–100% | |||||
| S. Asia | India/Pakistan | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0–52% |
K. pneumoniae (NDM-1) K. pneumoniae (NDM-2) |
(63, 72–76) | |
| Escherichia coli | 0–34% | |||||
| Enterobacteralesa | 3–21% | |||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 0–100% | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ^^ID (insufficient data) | |||||
| Europe | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0.2–59% |
K. pneumoniae (NDM-1) K. pneumoniae (KPC-1–2-3–4-16) K. pneumoniae OXA-48 E. coli OXA-48 |
(16, 40, 42, 58, 77–79) | ||
| Escherichia coli | 0–7% | |||||
| Enterobacteralesa | ^ID (insufficient data) | |||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 3–100% | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0–56% | |||||
| Latin America | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1.3–20% |
K. pneumoniae (NDM-1) K. pneumoniae (KPC-2) P. aeruginosa (KPC) |
(21, 58, 61,62,80–83) | ||
| Escherichia coli | 0.5–9% | |||||
| Enterobacteralesa | 0.5–9% | |||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 21–90% | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 14–65% |
VIM Verona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase, NDM New Delhi MBL, KPC Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, IMP active-on-imipenem, OXA Oxacillinase
aSpecies not indicated