Table 1.
Characteristics of 16 studies included in the review of the association between beta-2-microglobulin and cardiovascular disease.
| Study | Study design | Region | Data source | Baseline survey | Population | B2M assay |
Events for analysis | Sample size (female %) | Age (y) | Median follow-up (y) | B2M (mg/L) (mean ± SD) | No. of events |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ssource | Method | CVD | CVDM | CHD | Sstroke | |||||||||||
| General populations | ||||||||||||||||
| Astor, 2012 [39] | Prospective cohort | US | ARIC study | 1990–1992 | Community-based | Serum | PEINA (Siemens) | CHD | 9988 (43.1) | 62.9 ± 5.2j | 10.2 | 2.1 ± 0.9j | – | – | 1279 | – |
| Foster, 2013 [33] | Prospective cohort | US | NHANES III Cystatin C project | 1988–1994 | Population-based | Serum | LA (Siemens) | CVDM | 6445 (53.6) | ≧20 | 14.4 | 1.8 | – | 1079 | 605d | – |
| CHDM | ||||||||||||||||
| Prentice, 2013 [28] | Nested case-control | US | WHI HT trials | 1993–1998 | Postmenopausal women | Plasma | ELISA (CalBiotech) | CHD | 710 (100.0) | 50–79 | 7c | 110l | – | – | 358 | 362 |
| Strokeh | 708 (100.0) | |||||||||||||||
| Matsushita, 2014 [20] | Prospective cohort | US | ARIC study | 1996–1998 | Community-based (only non-CKDs) | Serum | PEINA (Siemens) | CVD | 7682 (59) | 62 ± 6 | 11.9 | 1.9 ± 0.4j | 1336 | – | – | 277 |
| Strokei | ||||||||||||||||
| Rist, 2017 [40] | Nested case-control | US | NHS | 1989–1990 | Female nurses | Plasma | ITA (Roche) | Ischaemic stroke | 946 (100.0) | 60.8 ± 6.0j | 9.0 | 1.9 ± 0.4m | – | – | – | 473 |
| Ho, 2018 [19] |
Prospective cohort | US | FHS | 1998–2005 | Community-based | Plasma | ELISA (Sigma-Aldrich) | CVD | 3523 (53.3) | 62 ± 8 | 14.3 | NR | 392e | 167 | – | – |
| CVDM | ||||||||||||||||
| Renal disease populations | ||||||||||||||||
| Cheung, 2008 [34] | Prospective cohort | US | HEMO study | 1995–2000 | HD patients (ESRD) | Serum | RIA (Abbott) | CVDM | 1813 (56.0) | 57.6 ± 14.1 | 2.6a | 37.6 ± 11.9 | – | 315f | – | – |
| Okuno, 2009 [35] | Prospective cohort | Japan | Hospital | 1999 | HD patients (ESRD) | Serum | LIA (Mitsubishi) | CVDM | 490 (41.2) | 60.1 ± 11.8 | 3.3a | 32.5 ± 7.2 | – | 36 | – | – |
| Liabeuf, 2012 [29] | Prospective cohort | France | Hospital | 2006–2007 | CKD stage 1–5 patients | Plasma | INA (Siemens) | CVD | 142 (39.4) | 67 ± 12 | 2.9 | 13.5 ± 12.5 | 49 | 24 | – | – |
| CVDM | ||||||||||||||||
| Astor, 2013 [36] | Retrospective cohort | US | Hospital | 1996–2009 | Kidney transplant recipients | Serum | MEIA (Abbott), ITA (Hitachi, Roche), NA (Siemens) | CVDM | 2190 (40.3) | 50.2 ± 13.0j | 4.1 | 3.3 | – | 114 | – | – |
| Matsushita, 2014 [20] | Prospective cohort | US | ARIC study | 1996–1998 | CKD stage 1–5 patients | Serum | PEINA (Siemens) | CVD | 940 (59.5) | 64.5 ± 5.5j | 11.9 | 2.4 ± 0.7j | 336 | – | – | 94 |
| Strokei | ||||||||||||||||
| Matsui, 2016 [27] | Prospective cohort | Japan | Medical university | 2010 | PD patients (ESRD) | Serum | NR | CVD | 40 (37.5) | 62.8 ± 12.3j | 1.5 | 20.8 ± 10.3j | 13 | – | – | – |
| Foster, 2016 [30] | Prospective cohort | US | CRIC study | 2005–2008 | CKD stage 1–3 patients | Serum | NA (Siemens) | CVD | 2405 (47.9) | 56.0 ± 11.6 | 6 | 4.2 ± 2.2 | 292 | – | 110g | 51 |
| MI | ||||||||||||||||
| Strokei | ||||||||||||||||
| Wu, 2017 [31] |
Retrospective cohort | China (Taiwan) | Hospital | 2009–2015 | CKD stage 3–5 patients | Serum | MEIA (Abbott) | CVD | 312 (38.1) | 70.9 ± 18.0j | 3.3a | 53.1 ± 23.2j | 27 | – | – | – |
| Yamashita, 2018 [37] | Prospective cohort | Japan | Hospital | 2012 | HD patients (ESRD) | Serum | NR | CVDM | 307 (38.8) | 68 ± 13 | 2b | 26.9 ± 6.4 | – | 25 | – | – |
| Chang, 2019 [38] | Prospective cohort | Korea | Hospital | 2006–2011 | PD patients (ESRD) | Serum | LIA | CVDM | 725 (44.4) | 59.3 ± 13.9 | 3.2 | 9.6 ± 8.3 | – | 106 | – | – |
| Nishimura, 2019 [32] | Prospective cohort | Japan | Hospital | 2005 | HD patients (ESRD) | Serum | NR | CVD | 244 (48.4) | 64 ± 11 | 4.7a | 41.4 ± 4.7k | 78 | – | – | – |
ARIC Study: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; B2M: Beta-2-microglobulin; CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; CHDM: CHD Mortality; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; CRIC Study: Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; CVDM: CVD Mortality; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ESRD: End Stage Renal Disease; FHS: Framingham Heart Study; HD: Hemodialysis; HEMO Study: Hemodialysis Study; INA: Immunonephelometric assay; ITA: Immunoturbidimetric assay; LA: Latex assay; LIA: Latex immunoassay; MEIA: Microparticle enzyme immunoassay; MI: Myocardial Infarction; NA: Nephelometric assay; NHANES III: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHS: Nurses' Health Study; NR: Not Reported; PD: Peritoneal Dialysis; PEINA: Particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assay; RIA: Radioimmunoassay; US: United States; WHI HT Trials: Women's Health Initiative postmenopausal hormone therapy trials.
Mean.
Maximum.
Minimum.
No. of CHD mortality.
No. of atherosclerotic CVD.
No. of cardiac death.
No. of MI.
Both haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke were included but cases number of subtypes were not reported.
Whether haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke was not specified.
Mean ± SD calculated using https://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/business-stat/otherapplets/Pooled.htm and/or http://www.math.hkbu.edu.hk/~tongt/papers/median2mean.html.
Calculated and the unit of this figure from the original study is ng/mL.
Geometric mean reported in control groups was 0.11 mg/mL and equalled to 110 mg/L;m mean ± SD in the control group.