Table 2.
Association of B2M with risk for CVD, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality by recorded study level characteristics.
| Subgroup | CVD |
CVD mortality |
All-cause mortality |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of studiesa | No of cases | RR (95%CI) | I2 (%) | pmeta-regression | No of studies | No of cases | RR (95%CI) | I2 (%) | pmeta-regression | No of studies | No of cases | RR (95%CI) | I2 (%) | pmeta-regression | |
| All studies | 8 | 2523 | 1.71 (1.37, 2.13) | 73.5 | – | 8 | 1866 | 2.29 (1.51, 3.49) | 80.0 | – | 10 | 6165 | 2.51 (1.94, 3.26) | 83.7 | – |
| Study design | |||||||||||||||
| Retrospective | 1 | 27 | 65.84 (6.33, 684.54) | – | 0.034 | 1 | 114 | 3.34 (2.41, 4.63) | – | 0.457 | 2 | 481 | 5.79 (1.06, 31.65) | 58.5 | 0.315 |
| Prospective | 7 | 2496 | 1.66 (1.39, 1.99) | 64.7 | 7 | 1752 | 2.13 (1.34, 3.37) | 76.4 | 8 | 5684 | 2.36 (1.80, 3.09) | 84.8 | |||
| Population | |||||||||||||||
| General population | 2 | 1728 | 1.82 (1.54, 2.14) | 31.2 | 0.954 | 2 | 1246 | 3.03 (2.23, 4.11) | 0 | 0.407 | 3 | 4572 | 2.00 (1.68, 2.39) | 65.3 | 0.263 |
| Renal disease patients | 6 | 795 | 1.75 (1.13, 2.72) | 76.2 | 6 | 620 | 2.04 (1.16, 3.59) | 81.9 | 7 | 1593 | 2.94 (1.96, 4.39) | 72.0 | |||
| Geographical location | |||||||||||||||
| America | 4 | 2356 | 1.75 (1.49, 2.05) | 63.2 | 0.520 | 4 | 1675 | 2.47 (1.45, 4.20) | 89.1 | 0.227 | 5 | 5677 | 2.56 (1.87, 3.49) | 90.6 | 0.332 |
| Asia | 3 | 118 | 2.70 (0.37, 19.49) | 84.0 | 3 | 167 | 1.51 (0.87.2.60) | 3.3 | 4 | 444 | 2.04 (1.16, 3.61) | 57.8 | |||
| Europe | 1 | 49 | 2.59 (1.19, 5.66) | – | 1 | 24 | 8.02 (2.13, 30.23) | – | 1 | 44 | 6.61 (2.53, 17.28) | – | |||
| Study quality (NOS) | |||||||||||||||
| <8 | 3 | 140 | 1.30 (0.59, 2.83) | 62.8 | 0.359 | 1 | 24 | 8.02 (2.13, 30.23) | – | 0.155 | 1 | 44 | 6.61 (2.53, 17.28) | – | 0.174 |
| ≧ 8 | 5 | 2383 | 1.83 (1.46, 2.28) | 77.1 | 7 | 1842 | 2.11 (1.39, 3.21) | 80.7 | 9 | 6121 | 2.39 (1.84, 3.09) | 83.9 | |||
| Proportion of female participants | |||||||||||||||
| <50% | 5 | 459 | 2.06 (0.96, 4.42) | 80.5 | 0.885 | 5 | 305 | 2.36 (1.30, 4.28) | 62.7 | 0.899 | 8 | 3018 | 2.70 (1.80, 4.03) | 87.0 | 0.660 |
| ≧50% | 3 | 2064 | 1.69 (1.44, 1.98) | 66.2 | 3 | 1561 | 2.23 (1.17, 4.23) | 88.9 | 2 | 3147 | 2.18 (1.86, 2.56) | 3.1 | |||
| Adjust for renal markers | |||||||||||||||
| No | 6 | 2204 | 1.59 (1.31, 1.92) | 65.5 | 0.267 | 4 | 333 | 2.34 (1.09, 5.02) | 69.4 | 0.939 | 4 | 1148 | 2.16 (1.36, 3.43) | 66.1 | 0.498 |
| Yes | 2 | 319 | 9.91 (0.37, 264.28) | 87.2 | 4 | 1533 | 2.26 (1.28, 3.98) | 87.1 | 6 | 5017 | 2.78 (1.90, 4.08) | 89.2 | |||
B2M: Beta-2-microglobulin; CI: Confidence Interval; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; NOS: Newcastle-Ottowa Scale; RR: Relative Risk.
a
Matsushita et al. study [20] was counted twice for CVD because estimates were provided for two populations, respectively.