Table 2.
Clinical Predictors of Coding‐Based Frailty
| Predictors of Frailty | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registered year (vs 2018) | ||||
| 2015 vs 2108 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 0.005 |
| 2016 vs 2018 | 0.97 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.612 |
| 2017 vs 2018 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.97 | <0.001 |
| Age, y (vs 45–59) | ||||
| 18–34 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 1.39 | 0.77 |
| 35–39 | 0.51 | 0.18 | 1.43 | 0.85 |
| 40–44 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 1.29 | 0.90 |
| 50–54 | 1.30 | 0.93 | 1.81 | 0.96 |
| 55–59 | 1.86 | 1.37 | 2.52 | 0.88 |
| 60–64 | 2.11 | 1.57 | 2.83 | 0.86 |
| 65–69 | 2.68 | 2 | 3.59 | 0.81 |
| 70–74 | 3.46 | 2.58 | 4.63 | 0.76 |
| 75–79 | 4.63 | 3.45 | 6.22 | 0.69 |
| >80 | 8.68 | 6.47 | 11.64 | 0.58 |
| Sex (vs male) | ||||
| Female | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.29 | 0.008 |
| Race/Ethnicity (vs White) | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.98 | 0.18 |
| Black | 1.26 | 1.20 | 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Asian | 1.09 | 0.89 | 1.32 | 0.41 |
| Native American | 1.02 | 0.85 | 1.22 | 0.79 |
| Pacific Islander | 1.15 | 0.94 | 1.40 | 0.18 |
| Refused | 0.57 | 0.36 | 0.90 | 0.009 |
| Missing | 1.16 | 0.51 | 2.61 | 0.68 |
| Vital signs at the baseline | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00* | 0.029 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.013 |
| Oxygen saturation | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.03 | <0.001 |
| Respiration rate | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.68 |
| Body temperature | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 0.072 |
| Height | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.10 | <0.001 |
| Weight | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
| Pain | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.06 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 0.067 |
| Valvular disease | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.148 |
| Hypertension | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.25 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.35 | 1.31 | 1.40 | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.17 | 1.13 | 1.21 | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 1.23 | 1.17 | 1.30 | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 1.23 | 1.18 | 1.28 | <0.001 |
| Depression | 1.97 | 1.90 | 2.04 | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric disease | 1.64 | 1.54 | 1.76 | <0.001 |
| Any admission in the previous year | 2.14 | 2.04 | 2.25 | <0.001 |
| Kidney function (creatinine) (vs <0.8 mg/dL) | ||||
| 0.8–0.9 mg/dL | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.73 | <0.001 |
| 1.0–1.4 mg/dL | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.69 | <0.001 |
| 1.5–1.9 mg/dL | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.77 | <0.001 |
| 2.0–2.4 mg/dL | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.88 | <0.001 |
| >2.5 mg/dL | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.73 | <0.001 |
| BNP (vs ≦100 [BNP] or ≦400 [N‐terminal pro]) | ||||
| 101–200 or 401–1000 | 1.04 | 0.97 | 1.11 | 0.26 |
| 201–700 or 1001–4000 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.07 | 0.90 |
| 701–1000 or 4001–6000 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 0.36 |
| >1000 or >6000 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 1.16 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 0.88 | 0.82 | 0.93 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (vs 50–59%) | ||||
| <20% | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.92 | <0.001 |
| 20–29% | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.86 | <0.001 |
| 30–39% | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.85 | <0.001 |
| 40–49% | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.95 | <0.001 |
| 60–69% | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 0.77 |
| ≧70% | 0.96 | 0.86 | 1.07 | 0.21 |
BNP indicates brain natriuretic peptides.
*
Rounded to the nearest hundredth.