Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, Stratified by Age Groups
| Characteristic | Overall (N=3655) | Those Aged ≤35 y (N=239) | Those Aged >35–≤45 y (N=1772) | Those Aged >45–<50 y (N=1644) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 45 (41–47) | 33 (30–34) | 42 (40–44) | 48 (47–49) | ||
| Women | 1005 (27.5) | 55 (23.0) | 492 (27.8) | 458 (27.9) | 0.2749 | |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 30 (26–34) | 30 (27–34) | 30 (26–34) | 29 (26–33) | 0.0339 | |
| BMI >30 kg/m2 | 1714 (47.1) | 125 (53.2) | 866 (49.1) | 723 (44.2) | 0.0026 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.2989 | |||||
| White | 2376 (67.0) | 147 (63.9) | 1128 (65.6) | 1101 (68.9) | ||
| Black | 921 (26.0) | 63 (27.4) | 460 (26.7) | 398 (24.9) | ||
| Native American | 160 (4.5) | 13 (5.7) | 87 (5.1) | 60 (3.8) | ||
| Other (eg, Hispanics, Pacific Islander) | 90 (2.5) | 7 (3.0) | 45 (2.6) | 38 (2.4) | ||
| Index presentation | 0.0016 | |||||
| STEMI | 1410 (38.6) | 120 (50.2) | 687 (38.8) | 603 (36.7) | ||
| NSTEMI or unstable angina | 1315 (36.0) | 76 (31.8) | 636 (35.9) | 603 (36.7) | ||
| Other | 930 (25.4) | 43 (18.0) | 449 (25.3) | 438 (26.6) | ||
| Risk factors, comorbidity, and clinical history | ||||||
| Smoking status | 0.0005 | |||||
| Never | 1434 (39.2) | 103 (43.1) | 699 (39.4) | 632 (38.4) | ||
| Former | 417 (11.4) | 20 (8.4) | 168 (9.5) | 229 (13.9) | ||
| Current | 1804 (49.4) | 116 (48.5) | 905 (51.1) | 783 (47.6) | ||
| Hypertension | 1930 (52.8) | 90 (37.7) | 920 (51.9) | 920 (56.0) | <0.0001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 871 (23.8) | 43 (18.0) | 415 (23.4) | 413 (25.1) | 0.0459 | |
| Family history of coronary artery disease | 1456 (39.8) | 90 (37.7) | 719 (40.6) | 647 (39.4) | 0.5956 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1696 (46.4) | 79 (33.1) | 850 (48.0) | 767 (46.7) | <0.0001 | |
| No. of cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
| 0 | 344 (9.4) | 37 (15.5) | 167 (9.4) | 140 (8.5) | 0.0026 | |
| At least 1 | 3311 (90.6) | 202 (84.5) | 1605 (90.6) | 1504 (91.5) | 0.0026 | |
| At least 2 | 2657 (72.7) | 145 (60.7) | 1299 (73.3) | 1213 (73.8) | <0.0001 | |
| ≥3 | 1564 (42.8) | 71 (29.7) | 771 (43.5) | 722 (43.9) | 0.0001 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 97 (2.7) | 4 (1.7) | 37 (2.1) | 56 (3.4) | 0.0353 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 132 (3.6) | 3 (1.3) | 60 (3.4) | 69 (4.2) | 0.0581 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 121 (3.3) | 4 (1.7) | 55 (3.1) | 62 (3.8) | 0.1894 | |
| Connective tissue disease | 24 (0.7) | 3 (1.3) | 10 (0.6) | 11 (0.7) | 0.4611 | |
| Kidney disease | 162 (4.4) | 8 (3.3) | 86 (4.9) | 68 (4.1) | 0.4177 | |
| Dialysis | 93 (2.5) | 5 (2.1) | 53 (3.0) | 35 (2.1) | 0.2508 | |
| Liver disease | 26 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (0.7) | 13 (0.8) | 0.3923 | |
| HIV/AIDS | 29 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (1.1) | 10 (0.6) | 0.1121 | |
| History of cancer | 45 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | 17 (1.0) | 27 (1.6) | 0.0973 | |
| History of ETOH | 192 (5.3) | 16 (6.7) | 104 (5.9) | 72 (4.4) | 0.0876 | |
| Chronic inflammatory disease | 85 (2.3) | 4 (1.7) | 38 (2.1) | 43 (2.6) | 0.5190 | |
| Laboratory results | ||||||
| LDL‐C, median (IQR), mg/dL | 117 (92–145) | 121 (95–158) | 117 (90–145) | 117 (92–143) | 0.0538 | |
| LDL‐C 70–189 mg/dL | 2642 (84.1) | 171 (79.9) | 1267 (84.1) | 1204 (84.7) | 0.2070 | |
| LDL‐C ≥190 mg/dL | 171 (5.4) | 24 (11.2) | 80 (5.3) | 67 (4.7) | 0.0005 | |
| HDL‐C, median (IQR), mg/dL | 37 (31–44) | 37 (30–45) | 36 (30–44) | 37 (31–45) | 0.0358 | |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mg/dL | 141 (91–218) | 136 (91–207) | 141 (91–223) | 141 (90–214) | 0.6175 | |
| Triglycerides ≥175 mg/dL | 1166 (35.8) | 69 (31.5) | 572 (36.6) | 525 (35.6) | 0.3245 | |
| Creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L | 1 (0.80–1.10) | 1 (0.80–1.10) | 1 (0.80–1.10) | 1 (0.80–1.10) | 0.2188 | |
| eGFR, median (IQR), mL/min | 93 (79.5–107.1) | 101 (87.1–116.6) | 95 (81.2–108.7) | 89 (78.1–103.2) | <0.0001 | |
| eGFR <60 mL/min | 342 (9.5) | 16 (6.8) | 152 (8.7) | 174 (10.8) | 0.0396 | |
| Genetic testing for HeFH (n=632) | ||||||
|
Patient had exome data in CATHGEN |
632 (17.3) | 39 (16.3) | 311 (17.6) | 282 (17.2) | 0.8765 | |
| APOB pathogenic, likely pathogenic mutation | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| LDLR pathogenic, likely pathogenic mutation | 4 (0.6) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0107 | |
| PCSK9 pathogenic, likely pathogenic mutation | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Angiographic findings | ||||||
| No. of diseased vessels | <0.0001 | |||||
| 1 | 2180 (59.6) | 171 (71.5) | 1084 (61.2) | 925 (56.3) | ||
| 2 | 882 (24.1) | 43 (18.0) | 422 (23.8) | 417 (25.4) | ||
| 3 | 593 (16.2) | 25 (10.5) | 266 (15.0) | 302 (18.4) | ||
| Left main ≥50% | 191 (5.2) | 9 (3.8) | 81 (4.6) | 101 (6.1) | 0.0686 | |
| Left anterior descending ≥70% | 2120 (58.0) | 133 (55.6) | 1038 (58.6) | 949 (57.7) | 0.6582 | |
| Left circumflex ≥70% | 1473 (40.3) | 81 (33.9) | 702 (39.6) | 690 (42.0) | 0.0422 | |
| Right coronary artery ≥70% | 1734 (47.4) | 87 (36.4) | 807 (45.5) | 840 (51.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Subsequent treatment, within 30 d of catheterization | ||||||
| PCI | 2049 (56.1) | 135 (56.5) | 1003 (56.6) | 911 (55.4) | 0.7756 | |
| CABG | 429 (11.7) | 28 (11.7) | 195 (11.0) | 206 (12.5) | 0.3835 | |
| PCI and CABG | 34 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 20 (1.1) | 13 (0.8) | 0.4099 | |
| Medical treatment only | 1143 (31.3) | 75 (31.4) | 554 (31.3) | 514 (31.3) | 0.9993 | |
| Medications, within 30 d of catheterization | ||||||
| Statin | 2577 (70.5) | 168 (70.3) | 1257 (70.9) | 1152 (70.1) | 0.8557 | |
| Aspirin | 3455 (94.5) | 230 (96.2) | 1672 (94.4) | 1553 (94.5) | 0.4823 | |
| Blood pressure medications | 3432 (93.9) | 224 (93.7) | 1660 (93.7) | 1548 (94.2) | 0.8360 | |
| P2Y12 inhibitor medications | 2484 (68.0) | 176 (73.6) | 1220 (68.8) | 1088 (66.2) | 0.0373 | |
| β Blockers | 3191 (87.3) | 207 (86.6) | 1559 (88.0) | 1425 (86.7) | 0.4933 | |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 2498 (68.3) | 173 (72.4) | 1203 (67.9) | 1122 (68.2) | 0.3715 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 652 (17.8) | 34 (14.2) | 299 (16.9) | 319 (19.4) | 0.0497 | |
| Diuretics | 1874 (51.3) | 126 (52.7) | 891 (50.3) | 857 (52.1) | 0.5019 | |
Data are given as number (percentage), unless otherwise indicated. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; APOB, apolipoprotein B; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CATHGEN, Catheterization Genetics; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ETOH, ethyl alcohol consumption; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HeFH, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; IQR, interquartile range; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLR, low‐density lipoprotein receptor; NSTEMI, non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; and STEMI, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction.