Table 2.
Incidence of COVID‐19 Infection and Hospitalization Per 1000 Patients by Antihypertensive Drug Exposure
| ACEI | ARB | Calcium Channel Blockers, Beta Blockers, or Thiazide Diuretics | Other Antihypertensives* | No Antihypertensive Medications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with hypertension, N | 279 380 | 159 248 | 184 365 | 11 457 | 190 200 |
| COVID‐19 testing per 1000 patients (95% CI) | 17.5 (17.0–18.0) | 21.8 (21.1–22.5) | 22.7 (22.0–23.4) | 32.9 (29.7–36.4) | 21.0 (20.4–21.7) |
| COVID‐19 infection (laboratory confirmed) per 1000 patients (95% CI) | 1.9 (1.7–2.0) | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) |
| COVID‐19 infection (laboratory or clinically confirmed) per 1000 patients (95% CI) | 2.2 (2.0–2.4) | 2.5 (2.3–2.8) | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) | 2.4 (1.7–3.5) | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) |
| Patients with hypertension tested for COVID‐19, N | 4878 | 3473 | 4177 | 377 | 3993 |
| COVID‐19 infection per 1000 tested patients (95% CI) | 107.6 (98.8–117.2) | 102.8 (92.7–114.0) | 81.9 (73.6–91.0) | 58.4 (38.4–88.6) | 137.2 (126.2–149.2) |
| Patients with hypertension tested positive for COVID‐19, N | 525 | 357 | 342 | 22 | 548 |
| Hospitalization per 1000 tested positive patients (95% CI) | 274.3 (233.0–323.0) | 355.7 (299.0–423.3) | 315.8 (261.5–381.3) | 409.1 (212.9–786.2) | 295.6 (253.4–344.8) |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; and COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019.
*
Other antihypertensive medications include loop diuretics, potassium‐sparing diuretics, centrally acting agents, alpha blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, without the use of ACEIs or ARBs.