Table 1.
Characteristics of 69 Studies Examining the Association Between Long‐Term PM2.5 Exposure and CVD Events
| First Author and Year | Cohort | Total Participants | Study Region | Follow‐Up Period | Covariates Adjusted for | Outcome Event (no. of Cases) | ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 Codes | Source of Outcome Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atkinson 2013 8 | CPRD | 836 557 | England | 2003–2007 | Age, sex, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, SES † | Incident AMI (n=13 956), incident stroke (n=13 012) |
AMI: ICD‐10: I21‐I23 Stroke: ICD‐10: I61, I63 |
Incident: national database and medical records |
| Badaloni 2017 53 | RoLS | 1.2 million | Italy | 2001–2010 | Age, sex, calendar time, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=22 234) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database |
| Bai 2019 25 | ONPHEC | 5.1 million | Canada | 2001–2015 | Age, sex, education, income, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident AMI (n=197 628) | AMI: ICD:9: 410; ICD‐10: I21 | Incident: national database and medical records |
| Beelen 2014 16 | ESCAPE | 367 383 | Europe | Varies by cohort 1985–2004 | Age, sex, calendar time, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=4992), cerebrovascular mortality (n=2484) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Cakmak 2016 26 | CanCHEC | 2.4 million | Canada | 1991–2006 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=57 310), cerebrovascular mortality (n=17 565) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Cakmak 2018 27 | CanCHEC | 2.3 million | Canada | 1991–2011 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=NL) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database |
| Carey 2013 15 | CPRD | 835 607 | England | 2003–2007 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, SES † | IHD mortality (n=8168), cerebrovascular mortality (n=5458) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I61, I63 |
Mortality: national database |
| Carey 2016 50 | CPRD | 211 016 | England | 2005–2011 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, SES † | Incident AMI (n=2582), incident stroke (n=3716) |
AMI: ICD‐10: I21–I23 Stroke: ICD‐10: I61, I63 |
Incident: medical records |
| Cesaroni 2013 51 | RoLS | 1.3 million | Italy | 2001–2010 | Age, sex, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=22 562), cerebrovascular mortality (n=13 576) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438 |
Mortality: national database |
| Cesaroni 2014 54 | ESCAPE | 100 166 | Europe | 1997–2007 | Age, sex, calendar time, smoking, marital status, SES † | Incident AMI (n=5157) | AMI: ICD‐9: 410, 411; ICD‐10: I21, I23, I20.0, I24 | Incident: national database and medical records |
| Chen 2005 13 | AHSMOG | 3239 | United States | 1977–1998 | Age, sex, calendar time, BMI, smoking, diet, § SES † | IHD mortality (n=250) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ |
| Chen 2016 28 | EFFECT | 8873 | Canada | 1999–2011 | Age, sex, family history, ¶ comorbidities,* smoking, CVD history, ¶ revascularization, medications, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=1650) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database |
| Chi 2016 52 | WHI study | 51 754 | United States | 1993–2005 | Age, race, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, SES † | Incident AMI (n=NL), incident stroke (n=NL) | NL | Incident: national database, medical records, and other sources ‖ |
| Crichton 2016 55 | SLSR | 357 308 | England | 2005–2012 | Age, sex, SES † | Incident stroke (n=1800) | NL | Incident: medical records |
| Crouse 2012 29 | CanCHEC | 2.1 million | Canada | 1991–2001 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=43 400), cerebrovascular mortality (n=13 300) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–434, 436–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Crouse 2015 30 | CanCHEC | 2.5 million | Canada | 1991–2006 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=63 050), cerebrovascular mortality (n=19 725) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Danesh Yazdi 2019 61 | Medicare beneficiaries | 11.1 million | United States | 2000–2012 | Age, sex, race, calendar time, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident AMI (n=570 668), incident stroke (n=991 077) |
Stroke: ICD‐9: 430–438 AMI: ICD‐9: 410 |
Incident: national database and medical records |
| Dirgawati 2019 31 | HIMS | 10 126 | Australia | 1996–2012 | Age, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, SES † | Cerebrovascular mortality (n=325); incident stroke (n=1453) |
Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–431, 433, 434.x1, 435–436; ICD‐10: I60–I61, I63–I64, I66, I69 Stroke: ICD‐9: 430–431, 433.x1, 434. x1, 436; ICD‐10: I60–I61, I63–I64 |
Mortality: national database Incident: medical records |
| Gan 2011 19 | Residents in Vancouver | 452 735 | Canada | 1999–2002 | Age, sex, comorbidities*, SES † | IHD mortality (n=3104) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414, 429.2; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database |
| Gandini 2018 62 | ILS | 74 989 | Italy | 1999–2008 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident AMI (n=NL), incident stroke (n=1505) |
AMI: ICD‐9: 410 Stroke: NL |
Incident: national database and medical records |
| Hart 2011 18 | Trucking industry men | 53 814 | United States | 1985–2000 | Age, race, calendar time, other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=1109) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database |
| Hart 2015 56 | Nurses' Health Study | 114 537 | United States | 1989–2006 | Age, race, calendar time, family history, ¶ comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident IHD (n=3878), incident stroke (n=3295) | AMI: ICD‐9: 410–412; ICD‐10: I21–I22 Stroke: NL |
Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ Incident: medical records and other sources§ |
| Hartiala 2016 57 | Cleveland Clinic GeneBank study | 6575 | United States | 2001–2010 | Age, sex, smoking, SES † | Nonfatal AMI (n=5854), nonfatal stroke (n=5875) | NL | Incident: medical records and other sources ‖ |
| Hayes 2020 59 | NIH‐AARP | 565 477 | United States | 1995–2011 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=23 328), cerebrovascular mortality (n=5894) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Heritier 2019 60 | SNC | 4.4 million | Switzerland | 2000–2008 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES † | AMI mortality (n=19 261) | AMI: ICD‐10: I21–I22 | Mortality: national database |
| Hoffmann 2015 58 | RECALL (part of ESCAPE) | 4433 | Germany | 2000–2012 | Age, sex, calendar time, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=135); incident stroke (n=71) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Stroke: ICD‐10: I61, I63 |
Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ |
| Huang 2019 32 | China‐PAR | 117 575 | China | 2000–2015 | Age, sex, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident stroke (n=3540) | Incident stroke: ICD‐10: I60–I69 | Incident: other sources ‖ |
| Jerrett 2005 20 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 22 905 | United States | 1982–2000 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=1462) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Jerrett 2013 63 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 73 711 | United States | 1982–2000 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=4540), cerebrovascular mortality (n=3068) | NL | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Jerrett 2017 64 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 668 629 | United States | 1982–2004 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=45 624) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Kim 2017 33 | NHIS‐NSC | 136 094 | Korea | 2007–2013 | Age, sex, comorbidities,* BMI, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident AMI (n=354), incident stroke (n=934) |
AMI: ICD‐10: I21–I23 Stroke: ICD‐10: I60–I63 |
Incident: national database and medical records |
| Koton 2013 12 | Israel Study of First Acute Myocardial Infarction | 1120 | Israel | 1992–2011 | Age, sex, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, physical activity, CVD history, ¶ revascularization, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Recurrent AMI (n=341), stroke hospitalizations (n=160) | NL | Recurrent and hospitalizations: medical records and other sources ‖ |
| Lim 2019 69 | NIH‐AARP | 548 845 | United States | 1995–2011 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=22 329), cerebrovascular mortality (n=5592) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Lipsett 2011 65 | CTS | 73 489 | United States | 1999–2005 | Age, race, family history, ¶ BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § physical activity, medications, # marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=773), cerebrovascular mortality (n=382); incident AMI (n=722), incident stroke (n=969) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 AMI: ICD‐9: 410; ICD‐10: I21 Stroke: ICD‐9: 431–434, 436; ICD‐10: I61–I64 |
Mortality: national database Incident: national database, medical records, or other sources ‖ |
| Ljungman 2019 71 | Swedish cohorts (includes the Primary Prevention Study (PPS) and the Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases (GOT‐MONICA)) | 114 758 | Sweden | 1990–2011 | Age, sex, calendar time, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, marital status, SES † | Incident AMI (n=5166), incident stroke (n=3119) |
AMI: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–25 Stroke: ICD‐9: 431–436; ICD‐10: I61–I65 |
Incident: national database and medical records |
| Loop 2018 70 | REGARDS | 17 126 | United States | 2003–2012 | Age, sex, race, calendar time, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, medications, # SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=215); nonfatal AMI (n=413) | NL |
Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ Incident: medical records and other sources ‖ |
| Madrigano 2013 66 | Worcester Heart Attack Study | 4467 | United States | 1995–2003 | Age, sex, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident AMI (n=4467) | NL | Incident: medical records |
| Miller 2007 21 | WHI study | 65 893 | United States | 1994–2003 | Age, race, comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=139), cerebrovascular mortality (n=122); incident AMI (n=584), incident stroke (n=554) |
IHD: NL Cerebrovascular: NL AMI: ICD‐9: 410 Stroke: ICD‐9: 430–434, 436.0 |
Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ Incident: national database and other sources ‖ |
| Ostro 2010 67 | CTS | 44 847 | United States | 2002–2007 | Age, race, family history, ¶ BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § physical activity, medications, # marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=474) | IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database |
| Ostro 2015 68 | CTS | 101 884 | United States | 2001–2007 | Age, race, family history, ¶ BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § physical activity, medications, # marital status, other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=1085) | IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database |
| Parker 2018 74 | NHIS | 657 238 | United States | 1997–2011 | Age, sex, race, calendar time, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=NL), cerebrovascular mortality (n=NL) |
IHD: NL Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Pinault 2016 34 | CCHS | 299 500 | Canada | 2000–2011 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=4700), cerebrovascular mortality (n=1500) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Pinault 2017 35 | CanCHEC | 2.4 million | Canada | 2001–2011 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=40 400), cerebrovascular mortality (n=13 300) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Pope 2004 22 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 500 000 | United States | 1982–1998 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=26 663), cerebrovascular mortality (n=7650) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Pope 2009 23 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 500 000 | United States | 1982–1988 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=NL) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Pope 2011 73 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 794 784 | United States | 1982–1988 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=11 607) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Pope 2015 72 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 669 046 | United States | 1982–2004 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=45 644), cerebrovascular mortality (n=17 085) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Pope 2019 75 | NHIS | 635 539 | United States | 1986–2015 | Age, sex, race, calendar time, BMI, smoking, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Cerebrovascular mortality (n=6297) | Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 | Mortality: national database |
| Puett 2009 24 | Nurses' Health Study | 66 250 | United States | 1992–2002 | Age, calendar time, family history, ¶ comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, physical activity, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=379), nonfatal AMI (n=854) | NL |
Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ Incident: medical records and other sources ‖ |
| Puett 2011 17 | HPFS | 17 545 | United States | 1989–2003 | Age, calendar time, family history, ¶ comorbidities,* BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § physical activity, other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=746); nonfatal stroke (n=300), nonfatal AMI (n=646) | NL |
Mortality: national database and other sources ‖ Incident: medical records and other sources ‖ |
| Pun 2017 76 | Medicare beneficiaries | 18.9 million | United States | 2000–2008 | Age, sex, race, calendar time, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=890 806), cerebrovascular mortality (293 786) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Qiu 2017 36 | Elderly Health Centre of the Department of Health | 61 447 | China | 1998–2012 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, medications, # SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident stroke (n=6733) | Stroke: ICD‐9: 430–436 | Incident: medical records |
| Shin 2014 78 | CanCHEC | 2.1 million | Canada | 1991–2001 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=NL) | NL | Mortality: national database |
| Shin 2019 38 | ONPHEC | 5.1 million | Canada | 2001–2015 | Age, sex, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Incident stroke (n=122 545) | Incident stroke: ICD‐9: 430–431, 434, 436; ICD‐10: I60–I61, I63.x (excluding I63.6), I64 | Incident: national database and medical records |
| Stafoggia 2014 10 | ESCAPE | 99 446 | Europe | 1992–2010 | Age, sex, calendar time, smoking, marital status, SES † | Incident stroke (n=3086) | NL | Incident: national database, medical records, other sources ‖ |
| Stockfelt 2017 77 | PPS Sweden | 5850 | Sweden | 1990–2011 | Age, calendar time, smoking, physical activity, marital status, SES † | Incident stroke (n=1139) | Stroke: ICD‐9: 431–436; ICD‐10: I61–I65 | Incident: national database and medical records |
| Stockfelt 2017 77 | GOT‐MONICA | 4500 | Sweden | 1990–2011 | Age, sex, calendar time, smoking, physical activity, marital status, SES † | Incident stroke (n=252) | Stroke: ICD‐9: 431–436; ICD‐10: I61–I65 | Incident: national database and medical records |
| Thurston 2016 4 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 445 860 | United States | 1982–2004 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=34 408) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Tonne 2016 11 | MINAP | 18 138 | London | 2003–2010 | Age, sex, calendar time, CVD history, ¶ revascularization, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Recurrent AMI (n=390) | NL | Recurrent: national database and medical records |
| Tseng 2015 14 | Civil servants | 43 227 | Taiwan | 1992–2008 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=139), cerebrovascular mortality (n=141) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414, 429.2, 429.7; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Turner 2016 80 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 669 046 | United States | 1982–2004 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=45 644), cerebrovascular mortality (n=17 085) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Turner 2017 79 | American Cancer Society CPS‐II | 429 406 | United States | 1982–2004 | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=13 478), cerebrovascular mortality (n=5582) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database after 1989 and other sources ‖ before 1989 |
| Villeneuve 2015 39 | CNBSS | 89 248 | Canada | 1980–2005 | Age, calendar time, BMI, smoking, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=903), cerebrovascular mortality (n=434) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 430–438; ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Weichenthal 2014 6 | AHS | 83 378 | United States | 1993–2009 | Age, sex, calendar time, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=213), cerebrovascular mortality (n=242) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Weichenthal 2016 40 | CanCHEC | 193 300 | Canada | 1991–2009 | Age, sex, race, marital status, SES † | IHD mortality (n=8600) | IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414; ICD‐10: I20–I25 | Mortality: national database |
| Wolf 2015 9 | ESCAPE | 100 166 | Europe | 1992–2007 | Age, sex, calendar time, smoking, marital status, SES † | Incident AMI (n=5157) | AMI: ICD‐9: 410–411; ICD‐10: I20.0, I21, I23–I24 | Incident: national database and medical records |
| Wong 2015 41 | Elderly Health Centre of the Department of Health | 66 820 | China | 1998–2011 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=1810), cerebrovascular mortality (n=1621) |
IHD: ICD‐10: I20–I25 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐10: I60–I69 |
Mortality: national database |
| Yin 2017 7 | Chinese men | 189 793 | China | 1990–2006 | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet, § marital status, SES, † other covariates ‡ | IHD mortality (n=3752), cerebrovascular mortality (n=11 301) |
IHD: ICD‐9: 410–414 Cerebrovascular: ICD‐9: 431–438 |
Mortality: national database |
| Yitshak‐Sade 2018 81 | Medicare beneficiaries | 2.0 million | United States | 2001–2011 | Age, sex, race, calendar time, SES, † other covariates ‡ | Ischemic stroke hospitalizations (n=211 235) | Ischemic stroke: ICD‐9: 432–435 | Hospitalizations: medical records |
AHS indicates Agricultural Health Study; AHSMOG, Adventist Health Study on the Health Effects of Smog; American Cancer Society CPS‐II, Cancer Prevention Study‐II; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index; CanCHEC, Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort; CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey; China‐PAR, Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular DiseaseRisk in China; CNBSS, Canadian National Breast Screening Study; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; CTS, California Teachers Study; EFFECT, Enhanced Feedback For Effective Cardiac Treatment; ESCAPE, European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects; GOT‐MONICA, Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases; HIMS, Health in Men Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow‐up Study; ICD‐9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICD‐10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; IHD, ischemic heart disease; ILS, Italian Longitudinal Study; MINAP, Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project; NHIS, National Health Interview Survey; NHIS‐NSC, National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort; NIH‐AARP, National Institutes of Health—AARP Diet and Health Study; NL, not listed; ONPHEC, Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort; PM2.5, fine particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter; PPS, Primary Prevention Study; RECALL, Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; RoLS, Rome Longitudinal Study; SLSR, South London Stroke Register; SNC, Swiss National Cohort; and WHI, Women's Health Initiative.
Comorbidities may include diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, end‐stage renal disease, or cancer.
Socioeconomic status (SES) may include education, income, occupation/employment, Medicaid eligibility, or other indicators. These variables were measured on individual or neighborhood levels depending on data availability in studies.
Other covariates may include menopausal status/hormone replacement therapy use, cardiac risk scores/disease severity indices, blood measures (blood glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin), blood pressure, thrombolysis, acute pulmonary edema, Killip class, asthma, admitting hospital/in‐hospital care, second‐hand smoke exposure, occupational/industrial exposure, household exposure, survey design, or other neighborhood factors such as population size, urban/rural area, airshed location, residential location/Census region, place of birth, percent of race/ethnicity or age group, county‐level smoking, distance to supermarket/recreation area, or season of year/temperature.
Diet may include intake of vegetables, fruit/citrus, grains/fiber, fat, and calories.
Other mortality outcome sources: interviews or reports from physicians, relatives, postal authorities, or other witnesses (often with death certificate, medical record, or autopsy confirmation or adjudication by an end point committee or physician); or church records with nosologist review. Other incident outcome sources: self‐reported questionnaires, personal interviews, next‐of‐kin/proxy reports, or postal authorities (often death certificate or medical record confirmation or adjudication by an end point committee or physician).
Family history may include history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or coronary heart disease; cardiovascular disease (CVD) history may include previous myocardial infarction (or subtype, eg, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction), previous stroke, or chronic coronary heart disease.
Medications may include blood pressure medication, statins, or aspirin.