Table 1.
Baseline Demographics of Included Patients, Baseline Medical Comorbidities, and Pregnancy‐Related Comorbidities
| White (n = 21 663 575) | Black (n = 6 302 089) | Hispanic (n = 8 914 065) | Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 2 251 824) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46.4% | 13.5% | 19.1% | 4.8% | ||
| Age group, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Under 18 y | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1% | |
| 18–24 y | 25.9% | 39.9% | 34.8% | 11.1% | |
| 25–29 y | 29.6% | 27.4% | 28.0% | 26.3% | |
| 30–34 y | 27.9% | 19.4% | 22.1% | 36.3% | |
| 35–39 y | 13.2% | 10.0% | 11.6% | 21.1% | |
| 40–44 y | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 4.7% | |
| ≥45 y | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.4% | |
| Income | <0.001 | ||||
| 0–25th percentile | 21.4% | 48.6% | 36.8% | 12.5% | |
| 26th–50th percentile | 25.9% | 22.6% | 25.5% | 16.2% | |
| 51st–75th percentile | 26.6% | 17.6% | 23.1% | 25.0% | |
| 76th–100th percentile | 26.1% | 11.3% | 14.6% | 46.3% | |
| Primary payer | <0.001 | ||||
| Medicare | 0.9% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0.3% | |
| Medicaid | 31.9% | 62.3% | 63.6% | 26.9% | |
| Private insurance | 61.9% | 30.7% | 28.3% | 65.3% | |
| Self‐pay | 1.9% | 2.9% | 5.4% | 5.5% | |
| No charge | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.1% | |
| Other | 3.4% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 2.0% | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Known cardiovascular risk factors | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2.3% | 5.8% | 2.1% | 1.8% | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.1% | <0.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| Congenital heart disease | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.2% | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.0% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.0% | <0.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 8.8% | 14.6% | 10.2% | 4.5% | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 4.9% | 4.0% | 1.7% | 1.8% | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| Drug abuse | 3.2% | 3.6% | 1.3% | 0.4% | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | <0.001 |
| Deficiencies anemia | 6.9% | 13.3% | 9.4% | 8.3% | <0.001 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 11.6% | 21.5% | 15.2% | 13.6% | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 5.0% | 7.9% | 3.7% | 2.7% | <0.001 |
| Pregnancy‐related complications | |||||
| Gestational hypertension | 4.3% | 4.3% | 2.8% | 2.2% | <0.001 |
| Preeclampsia | 3.7% | 5.1% | 3.8% | 2.6% | <0.001 |
| Eclampsia | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | <0.001 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 2.3% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 4.3% | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization during delivery and puerperium | 90.1% | 84.3% | 88.7% | 93.6% | <0.001 |
| C‐section | 30.2% | 30.7% | 29.9% | 30.9% | <0.001 |