Table 1.
Comparison of descriptive data between young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus and apparently healthy peers without diabetes
| T1DM (n = 48) | Peers without diabetes (n = 19) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | Adjusted p | |
| Sex (male/ female) (%) | 37.5/62.5 | 42.1/57.9 | 0.129 | |||
| Pubertal stage (n) | 0.543 | |||||
| Stage 1 (Not started) | 18 | 7 | ||||
| Stage 2 (Barely started) | 8 | 1 | ||||
| Stage 3 (Definitely underway) | 12 | 6 | ||||
| Stage 4 (Seems completed) | 5 | 1 | ||||
| Stage 5 (Completed) | 5 | 4 | ||||
| Ages (y) | 14.02 | 2.89 | 13.58 | 3.46 | 0.601 | |
| Body mass (kg) | 49.48 | 12.56 | 52.34 | 15.45 | 0.452 | |
| Height (m) | 1.60 | 0.13 | 1.59 | 0.13 | 0.772 | |
| BMI (kg∙m−2) | 18.97 | 3.10 | 20.38 | 3.32 | 0.119 | |
| BMI z-score | − 0.27 | 1.16 | 0.50 | 1.01 | 0.018* | |
| Body fat (%) | 29.28 | 9.54 | 28.42 | 6.61 | 0.765 | 0.084 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 67.63 | 7.96 | 73.65 | 8.22 | 0.055 | 0.151 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 106.07 | 16.72 | 107.07 | 15.45 | 0.837 | 0.778 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 65.24 | 11.65 | 65.75 | 9.88 | 0.878 | 0.821 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol∙L−1) | 4.03 | 0.81 | 3.14 | 0.67 | 0.001* | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol∙L−1) | 1.48 | 0.28 | 1.29 | 0.42 | 0.078 | 0.184 |
| LDL-C (mmol∙L−1) | 2.31 | 0.72 | 1.74 | 0.38 | 0.005* | 0.008 |
| Triglycerides (mmol∙L−1) | 0.89 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.012* | 0.007 |
| Estimated VO2max (mL∙kg−1∙min−1) | 35.48 | 8.72 | 44.43 | 8.29 | 0.003* | 0.003 |
| METs (kcal∙h−1∙kg−1)‡ | 2.09 | 0.41 | 2.41 | 0.60 | 0.066 | 0.075 |
| Physical activity counts (CPM)‡ | 346.87 | 101.97 | 451.01 | 133.52 | 0.004* | 0.033 |
| Light physical activity (min∙day−1)‡ | 335.93 | 120.16 | 449.33 | 89.55 | 0.002* | 0.003 |
| Percentage of time spent in Sedentary behaviour (%)‡ | 36.34 | 11.04 | 28.86 | 12.56 | 0.04* | 0.095 |
Data are presented as means and standard deviation (SD)
T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, n number, y year, BMI body mass index, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VO2max maximal aerobic power, METs metabolic equivalents, CPM counts-per-minute, adjusted p ANCOVA adjusted for BMI z-score
*Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between T1DM and apparently healthy peers without diabetes
‡Sixteen of 19 apparently healthy participants not living with diabetes and 40 of 48 participants with T1DM had valid physical activity data