Table 1. Study Sample Characteristics and Inclusion Summary.
*Records with missing cases were excluded from the analysis.
SDoH: Social Determinants of Health; ICD: International Classification of Diseases.
| Study Sample Characteristics | ||
| Variables of Interest | N | |
| Inclusion (N-weighted) | 2012-2014 (%) | 2016-2017 (%) |
| *Combined SDoH Indicator (Housing, Family, Psychosocial, Healthcare Access, Education, Unemployment, Upbringing, Social Environment) | 3,002,557 (2.8) | 1,254,899 (1.8) |
| Housing Difficulties | 726,313 (20) | 774,022 (55) |
| Family Circumstances | 435,788 (12) | 216,726 (14) |
| Psychosocial Issues | 1,997,362 (55) | 139,323 (9) |
| Healthcare Access | 36,315 (1) | 3,096 (0.2) |
| Unemployment | 290,525 (8) | 201,245 (13) |
| Education and Literacy | 36,315 (1) | 23,220 (1.5) |
| Upbringing | 10,894 (0.3) | 278,647 (18) |
| Social Environment | 72631 (2) | 201,240 (13) |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 1,416,364 (47) | 526,315 (42) |
| Male | 1,585,669 (53) | 728,329 (58) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | 1,844,269 (66) | 745,684 (59) |
| Black | 508,700 (18) | 248,620 (20) |
| Hispanic | 283,305 (10) | 125,375 (10) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 37,505 (1) | 16,610 (1.3) |
| Native American | 19,865 (0.7) | 13,040 (1) |
| Other | 89,130 (3) | 34,805 (2.8) |
| Payer | ||
| Medicare | 779,120 (26) | 312,160 (25) |
| Medicaid | 995,989 (33) | 565,764 (45) |
| Private Insurance | 672,364 (22) | 193,125 (15) |
| Self-Pay | 334,815 (11) | 112,910 (9) |
| No Charge | 44,965 (2) | 13,755 (1) |
| Other | 167,905 (6) | 52,645 (4) |
| Census Division | ||
| New England | 192,800 (6) | 77,320 (6.2) |
| Middle Atlantic | 448,420 (15) | 168,870 (14) |
| East North Central | 465,890 (16) | 177,290 (14) |
| West North Central | 266,049 (9) | 95,375 (8) |
| South Atlantic | 617,780 (21) | 245,370 (20) |
| East South Central | 159,530 (5) | 67,560 (5) |
| West South Central | 260,850 (9) | 98,200 (8) |
| Mountain | 157,843 (5) | 89,925 (7) |
| Pacific | 433,395 (14) | 234,989 (19) |
| Household Income | ||
| < $43,000 | 984,359 (35) | 434,995 (38) |
| < $54,000 | 746,764 (26) | 291,485 (26) |
| < $71,000 | 620,649 (22) | 242,355 (21) |
| $71,000+ | 486,770 (17) | 174,740 (15) |
| Age Group (Years) | ||
| < 17 | 253,454 (9) | 93,690 (8) |
| 18-24 | 323,090 (11) | 103,650 (8) |
| 25-34 | 534,505 (18) | 205,650 (16) |
| 35-44 | 491,205 (17) | 198,020 (16) |
| 45-54 | 636,585 (21) | 254,280 (20) |
| 55-64 | 391,520 (13) | 217,110 (17) |
| 65+ | 354,510 (12) | 168,620 (13) |