Table 1.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and mean vitamin D levels among 24 Asian countries.

Country	Author, Year	Sample size (M/F)	Age (years)	Prevalence of VDD (%)	Mean VD level (nmol/l) ± SD
Bahrain [6]	Almesri et al., 2020	314 (164/150)	>30	79.9	NR
Bangladesh [7]	Acherjya et al., 2019	160 (69/91)	≤70	63.7	46.5 ± 16.5
Brunei [8]	Leong et al., 2016	408 (77/331)	≥18	60.5	50.4 ± 22.3
China [9]	Jiang et al., 2019	14302 (3002/11299)	18–65	50.3	55.8 ± 50.8
India [10]	Mechenro et al., 2018	424 (179/245)	≥18	55.2	51.3 ± 23.3
Iran [11]	Esmaeili et al., 2018	6089 (2837/3252)	19–65	70.3	NR
Iraq [12]	Al-Hilali, 2016	300 (120/180)	25–70	72.9	38.8 ± NR
Japan [13]	Asakura et al., 2020	107 (53/54)	20–69	28.2	44.8 ± NR
Jordan [14]	Khasawneh et al., 2018	3007 (710/2297)	15–83	67.9	NR
Kazakhstan [15]	Gromova et al., 2019	1347 (528/819)	≥18	70.0	37.5 ± (NR)
Kuwait [16]	Zhang et al., 2016	960 (436/524)	≥20	83.0	34.5a
Lebanon [17]	Saad et al., 2020	142131 (46099/96032)	>18	35.5	69.0 ± 45.0
Malaysia [18]	Shafinaz and Moy, 2016	858 (77/781)	≥18	67.4	45.0 ± 18.3
Mongolia [19]	Bromage et al., 2016	320 (160/160)	20–58	35.5	37.8 ± 13.8
Nepal [20]	Sherchand et al., 2018	300 (109/191)	≥18	51.3	47.5a
Oman [21]	Abiaka et al., 2012	206 (101/105)	18–55	87.5	32.8 ± 15.4
Pakistan [22]	Kandhro et al., 2019	1244(519/725)	≤84	51.5	NR
Qatar [23]	Zainel et al., 2019	102339 (34946/67393)	18–65	71.4	NR
Saudi Arabia [24]	Altowijri et al., 2018	350 (150/200)	≥20	74.6	NR
Singapore [25]	Bi et al., 2016	114 (59/55)	≥21	42.0	54.0 ± 17.3
Thailand [26]	Rajatanavin et al., 2018	120 (56/64)	25–60	19.2	66.3 ± 19.2
Turkey [27]	Gotkas et al., 2020	11734 (2592/9142)	≥18	65.3	41.5 ± 28.8
United Arab Emirates [28]	Al Zarooni et al., 2019	12346 (4561/7785)	≥18	72.0	NR
Vietnam [29]	Ho-Pham et al., 2011	637 (205/432)	18–87	2.0	83.8 ± 20.1

^aMedian values; F-Female; M-Male; NR: Not reported; VD: Vitamin D; VDD: Vitamin D deficiency; SD: Standard deviation.