Table 2.
Clinical outcomes and microorganisms detected
| No bacterial superinfection (n = 26) | Bacterial superinfection (n = 19) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes and superinfection data | |||
| Duration of ventilation (days) | 8 (5.9–15.1) | 37 (22.2–43.7) | <0.001 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 9 (7.0–14.9) | 39 (28.5–57.0) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 17 (14.4–26.4) | 44 (34.2–63.3) | <0.001 |
| Patients died | 6 (23.1%) | 4 (21.1%) | 0.999 |
| Patients with bacterial respiratory superinfection | 0 (0%) | 19 (100%) | |
| Patients with superinfection detected in BAL | 0 (0%) | 6 (31.6%) | |
| Patients with bloodstream infection | 2 (7.7%) | 9 (47.4%) | 0.004 |
| Patients with Aspergillus detection | 2 (7.7%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.636 |
| Patients with yeast colonization | 12 (46.2%) | 17 (89.5%) | 0.004 |
| Patients with multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens | 0 (0%) | 10 (52.6%) | <0.001 |
| Causative microorganisms | |||
| Microbiology of superinfections | |||
| Overall pathogen detection in TBS/BALa | 83 | 375 | |
| Relevant pulmonary pathogen detection in TBS/BALa | 0 (0%) | 169 (45.1%) | |
| Citrobacter freundii, koseri | 0 (0%) | 11 (2.9%) | |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 0 (0%) | 14 (3.7%) | |
| Escherichia coli | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 0 (0%) | 7 (1.9%) | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0 (0%) | 27 (7.2%) | |
| Legionella pneumophila | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0 (0%) | 64 (17.1%) | |
| Acinetobacter spp. | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Burkholderia cepacia | 0 (0%) | 30 (8.0%) | |
| Morganella morganii | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Streptococcus anginosus | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | |
| Microbiology of bloodstream infections | |||
| Overall | 2/152 (1.3%) | 12/303 (4.0%) | |
| Citrobacter spp. | 0 (0%) | 2 (16.7%) | |
| Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium | 1 (50%) | 6 (50%) | |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 0 (0%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0 (0%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| Moraxella spp. | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Candida glabrata | 0 (0%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0 (0%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| Viral detection | |||
| Overall | 2 | 9 | |
| Influenza A virus | 0 (0%) | 1 (11.1%) | |
| Influenza B virus | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Respiratory viruses, multiplex PCRb (n = 34) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (PCR in blood) | 0 (0%) | 5 (55.5%) | |
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (PCR in blood) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) (PCR in blood) | 0 (0%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (PCR in blood) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (PCR in blood) | 1 (50%) | 1 (11.1%) | |
The data are presented as median (95% confidence interval [CI] of median) or number and percentage (%). The two groups were compared using chi-square test/Fisher exact or the Mann-Whitney test as appropriate.
a
Overall detected microorganisms, including repetitive detection in the same patient
b
Multiplex PCR assay for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A/B; influenza A/B virus; adenovirus; coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43; human bocavirus; human metapneumovirus (hMPV); rhino/enterovirus; and parainfluenza virus 1-4